Biometric identification method

ABSTRACT

A biometric and cryptographic processing unit includes a biometric receiver receiving biometric information of a BCU user. A biometric unit of the BCU has a store of biometric information of an authorized BCU user and compares received biometric information with the stored biometric information to determine if the user is an authorized BCU user. A cryptographic unit generates/stores an asymmetric cryptographic public/private key pair associated with each authorized BCU user. An input/output port allows encrypted/unencrypted data to be input to/output from the BCU. The cryptographic unit operates in response to a specific authorized user giving permission to undertake a specific cryptographic operation on data input to the BCU only upon the specific authorized user being determined as an authorized BCU user, whereby a specific private key corresponding to the specific authorized user is enabled for use in the specific cryptographic operation after which the specific private key is disabled.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for biometricidentification—more specifically, biometric identification over anetwork such as the internet.

BACKGROUND

There is an increasing need for secure identification of individuals.This is most reliably undertaken by means of biometric recognitionmethods. A substantial amount of research and development is beingundertaken to develop biometric identification technologies that arecost effective, easy to use and with security sufficient for the needsof the intended application. Various biometric techniques have beendeveloped, based on reading different biometric characteristics. Theseinclude techniques based on fingerprint recognition, facial recognition,iris recognition, retinal recognition, voice recognition, heartbeatrecognition, DNA recognition, and others.

A disadvantage of conventional biometric systems is that they storeusers' biometric information in a central database, which can result insignificant privacy and security risks if the central database iscompromised—especially since biometric data cannot be revoked andreplaced.

An alternative current approach, aimed at overcoming the abovedisadvantage of the central database method, is to undertake thebiometric identification in a personal device, thereby ensuring that auser's biometric information is retained within said user's personaldevice. Existing biometric identification systems using such personaldevices usually operate by (i) taking a biometric reading to identifythe user and, if the user is positively identified, unlocking a memoryportion of the personal device; (ii) using information stored in saidmemory portion to undertake actions, said information including forexample cryptographic keys, digital certificates, etc.; (iii) separatelyestablishing a secure communications link between the personal deviceand other devices with which the personal device needs to communicateand exchange information. This approach, while it does restrict theuser's biometric information to the personal device, has significantdisadvantages:

-   -   usually the personal device, once unlocked, can be used by        anyone, at least for a period of time, without a device at the        other end of said communications link being able to positively        determine who is using the personal device—hence once the        personal device is unlocked there is no ongoing assurance that        information communicated to or from the personal device is being        sent or received by the authorized user of the personal device;    -   there is no guaranteed correspondence between the information        stored in the personal device and the authorized user's        biometric identification—this correspondence is inferred since        the personal device must be unlocked biometrically to access the        information stored in said memory portion, but in fact said        stored information does not necessarily correspond to the        biometrically identified user.

For these reasons the usual personal device method is generally notsuitable for biometrically identifying and securing transactions on anetwork, where the user to be identified will usually be remote fromother persons or devices with which said user is undertaking atransaction.

There has in recent years been a good deal of research and developmentactivity aimed at linking biometric to cryptographic functions in orderto be able to (i) reliably remotely identify individuals and (ii) secureinformation transfers. Citation #1 (see below) describes threecategories of technique that are being investigated. These can besummarized as follows.

-   -   1. The “key release method”, in which cryptographic keys are        released for use as a result of a valid biometric reading. This        is the type of approach used in current portable biometric        devices and suffers from the abovedescribed disadvantages.    -   2. Biometric key generation, in which cryptographic keys are        generated directly from one or more biometric readings. This        approach presents significant technical challenges that have not        yet been satisfactorily resolved, except possibly for DNA-based        biometrics, in that the data obtained from a biometric reading        will usually differ from one instance to the next. For example,        according to Citation #2 below, 10-15% of pixels in a typical        iris scan will vary from scan to scan. A further disadvantage of        this approach is that it does not allow maximum flexibility in        the selection or derivation of cryptographic keys, which for        security reasons should preferably be changed from time to time.    -   3. The “key binding” method, in which cryptographic keys are        bound to biometric data collected at the time of user        enrollment.

Citation #3 below describes a network-based biometric identification andinformation transfer system using the key binding method. In this systemthe cryptographic keys and biometric data are stored in remote serversand the cryptographic keys are not generated locally to the user. Hencethe abovedescribed privacy and security issues associated withconventional biometric systems are not addressed by the system describedin citation #3—the biometric data and cryptographic keys can both becompromised if the server security is penetrated. Furthermore, thesystem described in citation #3 uses static cryptographic keys 7 i.e.the keys are bound to a user's biometric data at the time of enrollmentare not subsequently changed. Hence if a user's cryptographic keys arecompromised (i.e. made known or worked out) the user must re-enroll inorder for a new set of cryptographic keys to be allocated.

Citation #4 below describes a system in which a portable device storescryptographic keys that are used in communicating with a remote devicewhen a biometric reading is taken by the portable device. The methodused in citation #4 is not the key binding method, however, as itinvolves using the cryptographic keys stored in the portable deviceregardless of whether there is biometric authentication of the user ofthe portable device. The cryptographic keys stored in said portabledevice are used simply to ensure secure communications between saidportable device and said remote device. Each time a biometric reading istaken, said portable device cryptographic keys are used to transmit theresults of the biometric verification to said remote device, regardlessof whether or not the biometric verification indicates the user to be anauthorized user. Use of the cryptographic keys stored in said portabledevice is not bound to biometric data corresponding to an authorizeduser. In fact, use of the cryptographic keys is not in any way dependanton the outcome of a biometric process, and so the method described inthis patent is neither the key release method nor the key bindingmethod.

CITATIONS

-   Citation #1: Non-Patent Literature-   “Security enhancement of biometrics, cryptography and data hiding by    their combinations”-   Authors: Jing Dong; Tieniu Tan-   Source: 5th International Conference on Visual Information    Engineering, 2008. VIE 2008.-   Jul. 29, 2008—Aug. 1 2008; p 239-244-   Citation #2: Non-Patent Literature-   “Modified private key generation for Biometric Signatures”-   Authors: Janbandhu, Pawan K. 1; Siyal, M. Y. 1-   Source: Advances in Automation, Multimedia and Video Systems, and    Modern Computer Science, 2001, p 314-319-   ISBN-10:9608052440-   Publisher: World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society-   Author affiliation: Sch. of Elec. and Electron. Eng., Nanyang    Technological University, Info. Systems Research Laboratory,    Singapore 639798-   Citation #3: Patent Literature-   Doc. #: U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,821B1-   Title: Method and system for restricting access to the private key    of a user in a public key infrastructure-   Inventor: Waugh, Donald Craig-   Pub. Date: Jan. 13, 2004-   Ap. Date: Mar. 23, 2000-   Priority Date Mar. 23, 2000-   Assignee: E Witness Inc.-   Citation #4: Patent Literature-   Doc. #: U.S. Pat. No. 7,310,734B2-   Title: Method and system for securing a computer network and    personal identification device used therein for controlling access    to network components-   Inventor: Boate, Alan-   Pub. Date: Dec. 18, 2007-   Ap. Date: Feb. 1, 2001-   Priority Date Feb. 1, 2001-   Assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Company

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to substantially overcome or atleast ameliorate one or more of the above disadvantages.

Disclosed is a biometric/cryptographic processing unit (BCU) thatincorporates biometric/cryptographic processing functions and can beincorporated into a personal information device (PID), thereby enablingsecure biometrically identified and authenticated information exchangebetween a first user of a first BCU and a second user of a second BCU,or between a first user of a first BCU and an external device, withoutreleasing any biometric information of either user from said user's BCUand while also ensuring that the information so exchanged isconfidential and cannot be interpreted by a third party interceptingsaid exchanged information.

More specifically, the presently disclosed arrangements use a variationon the key binding method, with one or more of the following addedcharacteristics:

-   -   in order to provide enhanced security and to ensure privacy, all        biometric data (including biometric templates), biometric        recognition, cryptographic key generation, and private        cryptographic key use corresponding to an authorized user are        local to said authorized user in said authorized user's BCU;    -   in order to provide enhanced security cryptographic key updating        is used, wherein the cryptographic keys generated by an        authorized user's BCU, and corresponding to said authorized        user, are updated from time to time, with secure handover of the        key binding function to the updated cryptographic keys;    -   in order to provide enhanced security, all private cryptographic        keys that are generated by a BCU and associated with a user of        said BCU are disabled in their default state, and a specific        private cryptographic key that is generated by an authorized        user's BCU and is required for use in a specific cryptographic        operation is enabled for use in said cryptographic operation if        and only if said authorized user provides biometric        authorization for said specific cryptographic operation, where        biometric authorization involves said authorized user being        positively biometrically identified by said BCU in combination        with said authorized user providing permission for said specific        cryptographic operation to be undertaken—in other words, an        authorized user's private cryptographic keys are biometrically        enabled for use by said authorized user's BCU on a operation by        operation basis—said keys are not left in an enabled state for        future, as yet unspecified, cryptographic operations;    -   the incorporation of network operational elements that allow the        privacy and security features to be implemented over a network        such as the internet.

SUMMARY

There is disclosed herein a biometric identification method andapparatus to enable biometric identification over a network without anybiometric information being released to said network, comprising:

-   -   a biometric/cryptographic processing means (BCPM) incorporating,        but not being limited to:        -   a means to read or receive biometric information from a user            of said BCPM;        -   a means to determine whether said biometric information            derived from said user corresponds to an authorized user of            said BCPM and thereby determine whether said user is a said            authorized user of said BCPM;        -   a means to undertake cryptographic information processing,            including a means encrypt and decrypt information according            to one or more of a number of specified cryptographic            protocols;        -   a means to generate and store unique asymmetric            private/public cryptographic key pairs corresponding to each            authorized user of said BCPM, such that each said key pair            is unique and dedicated to, or associated with, a specific            authorized user, with said private keys being retained            secretly in said BCPM and said public keys being released            publicly;        -   said means to generate and store unique asymmetric            private/public cryptographic key pairs being independent of            any biometric information or biometric identification            methods;        -   said private cryptographic keys being disabled in their            default state, meaning that the BCPM is unable to use said            private keys in their default state;        -   a means to enable use by said BCPM of one or more of said            private cryptographic keys (as appropriate) corresponding to            an authorized user in a specific cryptographic operation if            and only if said authorized user has provided biometric            authorization for said specific cryptographic operation,            where providing biometric authorization involves said            authorized user being positively biometrically identified by            said BCPM in combination with, or as an integral part of,            said authorized user giving explicit permission for said            specific cryptographic operation to be undertaken by said            BCPM using private keys corresponding to said authorized            user, with said private keys corresponding to said            authorized user otherwise remaining in a disabled state;    -   said BCPM thereby being configured such that use of one or more        of said private cryptographic keys corresponding to a specific        authorized user is possible only if said authorized user has        been positively biometrically identified by said BCPM in the        corresponding biometric authorization process, and thereby being        configured such that a determination by an external person or        device that said BCPM is using any of said private cryptographic        keys corresponding to a specific authorized user in a        cryptographic operation is equivalent to a determination that        said authorized user has been biometrically identified as the        originator of said cryptographic operation;    -   said BCPM preferably being associated with a means to process        and store information;    -   said BCPM preferably being associated with a means to display        information stored in or generated by said means to process and        store information;    -   said BCPM preferably being associated with a means for a user to        input information by which at least the explicit permission can        be given;    -   said BCPM preferably also being associated with a communications        means;    -   said means to process and store information and said BCPM being        connected such that information can be transferred between them;    -   said BCPM and said communications means being connected such        that information can be transferred between them;    -   said communications means providing a means to transmit        information to external devices and a means to receive        information from external devices;    -   said BCPM being configured to accept information from either of        said means to process and store information and said        communications means, and further being configured to be able to        process said information in a specific cryptographic operation        using private cryptographic keys corresponding to a specific        authorized user of said BCPM only if said authorized user has        provided biometric authorization (described above) for said        specific cryptographic operation, which biometric authorization        involves positive biometric identification of said specific        authorized user, and to output said cryptographically processed        information to either of said means to process and store        information and said communications means;    -   said BCPM, said means to process and store information, and said        communications means together constituting a personal        information device;    -   said personal information device thereby being configured such        that a first authorized user of a first personal information        device (incorporating a first BCPM) can use said first personal        information device to generate and transmit first message        information that is intended for a second authorized user of a        second personal information device (incorporating a second        BCPM), such that said first message information is prepared in        said first BCPM using a private key stored in said first BCPM        and corresponding to said first authorized user (thereby        requiring positive biometric identification of said first        authorized user by said first BCPM) and/or using a public key of        a public/private key pair generated by said second BCPM and        corresponding to said second authorized user;    -   said personal information device further being configured such        that said second BCPM in said second personal information device        is able to accept said first message information, process said        first message information using a public key corresponding to        said first authorized user to determine that said first message        information was prepared using a private key corresponding to        said first authorized user (thereby requiring positive biometric        identification of said first authorized user by said first        BCPM), and/or process said first message information using a        private key corresponding to said second authorized user        (thereby requiring positive biometric identification of said        second authorized user by said second BCPM);    -   said personal information device thereby being configured such        that a first authorized user of a first personal information        device can use said first personal information device to        generate and transmit second message information that is        intended for a second cryptographically enabled device, such        that said second message information is prepared in said first        BCPM using a private key corresponding to said first authorized        user (thereby requiring positive biometric identification of        said first authorized user by said first BCPM) and/or using a        public key corresponding to said second cryptographically        enabled device;    -   said second cryptographically enabled device further being        configured such that it is able to accept said second message        information, process said second message information using a        public key corresponding to said first authorized user to        determine that said second message information was prepared        using a private key corresponding to said first authorized user        (thereby requiring positive biometric identification of said        first authorized user by said first BCPM), and/or process said        second message information using a private key corresponding to        said second cryptographically enabled device;    -   said personal information device thereby being configured such        that a first cryptographically enabled device can generate and        transmit third message information that is intended for a second        authorized user of a second personal information device, such        that said third message information is prepared in said first        cryptographically enabled device using a private key        corresponding to said first cryptographically enabled device        and/or using a public key generated by said second BCPM and        corresponding to said second authorized user;    -   said personal information device further being configured such        that said second personal information device is able to accept        said third message information, process said third message        information using a public key corresponding to said first        cryptographically enabled device and/or process said third        message information using a private key generated by said second        BCPM and corresponding to said second authorized user (thereby        requiring positive biometric identification of said second        authorized user by said second BCPM).

Preferably said BCPM will incorporate into said first and second messageinformation one or more timestamps indicative of the time or times atwhich said first or second message information (respectively) wascryptographically processed.

Preferably, but not necessarily, said biometric sensors may include (butnot be limited to) one or more of a fingerprint reading device, an irisscanning device, a facial recognition device, a voice recognitiondevice, a handprint scanning device, a blood circulation recognitiondevice, a heartbeat monitor, and DNA reading apparatus. In addition,preferably said biometric sensors may include life-signs detectioncapabilities to determine whether said biometric sensors are derivingbiometric information from a living body.

Preferably said means to determine whether said biometric informationcorresponds to an authorized user of said BCPM may involve usingbiometric template information stored in said BCPM, said biometrictemplate information being compared in a specified manner with saidbiometric information. Preferably said means to determine whether saidbiometric information corresponds to an authorized user of said BCPMwill not require or involve releasing any biometric information fromsaid BCPM.

Preferably said BCPM may update said internally generated private/publickey pairs corresponding to an authorized user from time to time byreplacing them with new internally generated private/public key pairs,with the new internally generated private keys being retained secretlywithin said BCPM and the corresponding new public keys being releasedpublicly.

Preferably said BCPM will incorporate tamper detection technology toprevent said BCPM being successfully tampered with or interrogated.

Preferably, but not necessarily, said BCPM may be incorporated into asingle application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Preferably, but not necessarily, said BCPM may be implemented insoftware and/or firmware.

There is further disclosed herein an information network comprising:

-   -   a number of said BCPM or personal information devices able to        exchange information with each other and with other devices by        means of said information network;    -   a public key distribution means, being a means to make available        to any device on said network verified public key values for all        cryptographically enabled devices (including said BCPM and said        personal information devices) on said network;    -   each biometrically associated public key that is generated by a        BCPM corresponding to a specific authorized user of said BCPM        and having associated with it identifying information pertaining        to the said corresponding specific authorized user;    -   each public key that is generated by a BCPM having a history        (known as its public key history) of retired (past) and        replacement (future) public keys, and corresponding active time        windows, beginning with the first public key for the specific        authorized user corresponding to said public key and ending with        the last or currently-active public key for the specific        authorized user corresponding to said public key;    -   each public key that is generated by a cryptographically enabled        device that is not a personal information device having a        history (known as its public key history) of retired (past) and        replacement (future) public keys, and corresponding active time        windows, beginning with the first public key for said        cryptographically enabled device and ending with the last or        currently-active public key for said cryptographically enabled        device;    -   said public key distribution means retaining a public key        history, including corresponding active time windows, for each        public key used on said information network;    -   each said BCPM on said information network preferably being        configured such that for each authorized user of said BCPM it        will retain a history of private/public key pairs (known as the        authorized user's key pair history) that it generates, along        with the active time window for each said key pair;    -   each said cryptographically enabled device on said information        network that is not a personal information device preferably        being configured such that it will retain a history of        private/public key pairs that it generates, along with the        active time window for each said key pair;    -   each said second BCPM on said information network preferably        being configured such that it is able to authenticate and        process received first message information with the correct        cryptographic keys (after positively biometrically identifying        said second authorized user) by using said timestamp(s) in said        first message information to identify the key pairs        corresponding to said timestamp(s) within said second BCPM, and        by retrieving from said public key distribution means the public        key(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s) for said first        authorized user of said first BCPM from which said first message        information originated;    -   each said second cryptographically enabled device on said        information network preferably being configured such that it is        able to authenticate and process received second message        information with the correct cryptographic keys by using said        timestamp(s) in said second message information to identify its        own key pairs corresponding to said timestamp(s) and by        retrieving from said public key distribution means the public        key(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s) for said first        authorized user of said first BCPM from which said second        message information originated;    -   each said second BCPM on said information network preferably        being configured such that it is able to authenticate and        process received third message information with the correct        cryptographic keys (after positively biometrically identifying        said second authorized user) by using said timestamp(s) in said        third message information to identify the key pairs        corresponding to said timestamp(s) within said second BCPM and        by retrieving from said public key distribution means the public        key(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s) for said first        cryptographically enabled device from which said third message        information originated.

There is further disclosed a variation on the said BCPM and saidinformation network, in which variation the biometrically associatedcryptographic key pairs generated by a BCPM are one-time key pairs suchthat the private key of a said one-time key pair is used only once,after which it is retired, wherein:

-   -   public keys corresponding to one-time biometrically associated        key pairs generated by said second BCPM are prepositioned in        said public key distribution means, and downloaded on a use-once        as-needed basis to said first BCPM for use by said first BCPM in        preparing message information;    -   for each information transfer from said first BCPM to said        second BCPM, one-time public keys associated with said        information transfer that are generated by said first BCPM and        said prepositioned one-time public keys associated with said        information transfer that are generated by said second BCPM are        associated with each other and made available via said public        key distribution means, thereby enabling said second BCPM to use        the correct keys in processing information received by said        second BCPM from said first BCPM in said information transfer.

There is further disclosed herein a method and apparatus for enrolling auser (the enrollment system) in a said BCPM such that said user isthereby able to use said information network as described herein, saidmethod and apparatus comprising:

-   -   a said BCPM being prepared in an initial configuration, wherein        said BCPM generates and retains a set-up asymmetric        cryptographic key pair, comprising a private setup key and        corresponding public setup key, said setup keys not        corresponding to a particular user (i.e. not being biometrically        associated), said private setup key being retained secretly        within said BCPM, and said corresponding public setup key being        provided securely to a network enrollment device that is part of        said information network;    -   said BCPM and said network enrollment device communicating with        the aid of said setup key pair in order that said network        enrollment device can securely establish both the identity and        authenticity of said BCPM and the authenticity of information        sent from said BCPM to said network enrollment device;    -   said user providing to said enrollment system identifying        information, along with required evidence in support of said        identifying information (said evidence preferably being other        than or in addition to biometric evidence);    -   said BCPM taking biometric readings from said user and        establishing within said BCPM one or more biometric templates or        other biometrically based data corresponding to said user so as        to enable subsequent biometric identification of said user by        said BCPM;    -   said BCPM preferably not releasing any of said user's biometric        information;    -   said BCPM then independently (i.e. without reference to any of        said user's biometric information) generating one or more        initial asymmetric cryptographic key pairs, each said initial        key pair comprising an initial private key and an initial public        key, said initial key pairs being associated in said BCPM with        biometric identification of said user;    -   said initial private keys being retained secretly in said BCPM;    -   said BCPM then securely transmitting, via said communications        means, said initial public key values and said identifying        information for said user to said network enrollment device,        said transmission preferably being authenticated by means of        said private setup key;    -   said network enrollment device preferably adding a unique        identification code for said user to said initial public key        values and said identifying information for said user, and then        securely transmitting or making available to said public key        distribution means said unique identification code and said        initial public key values and said identifying information;    -   said public key distribution means thereby establishing a record        file for said user, who is at this point an authorized user,        said record file initially including said identifying        information for said user, said unique identification code for        said user and said initial public key values.

In some preferred embodiments said network enrollment device may be saidpublic key distribution means.

In one preferred embodiment said active time window for a public key andfor the corresponding private/public key pair will be the time periodcommencing when said public key is first uploaded to said public keydistribution means (the start time) and ending when said public key isretired by the uploading of a replacement public key to said public keydistribution means.

In another preferred embodiment said active time window for a public keyand for the corresponding private/public key pair will be the timeperiod commencing at a predetermined time (the start time) after saidpublic key is first uploaded to said public key distribution means andending at the start time for the replacement public key, which maysimilarly be a predetermined time after said replacement public key isuploaded to said public key distribution means.

Preferably said identifying information for an authorized user of a BCPMwill include personal information such as (but not limited to) name,date of birth, and gender of said authorized user.

In one embodiment said public key distribution means may preferably, butnot necessarily, comprise the use of digital certificates in combinationwith one or more certificate authorities on said information network.

In another embodiment said public key distribution means may preferably,but not necessarily, comprise or include one or more public keyrepositories on said information network:

-   -   said public key repositories providing a means to store and make        available to any device on said network verified public key        values and associated record file information for all BCPM on        said network, as well as verified public key values for all        other cryptographically enabled devices on said network, with        said public key repositories being able to exchange information        with BCPM and other devices on said network;    -   said BCPM and other cryptographically enabled devices on said        network being able to upload new verified public key values to        said public key repositories in order to retire and replace        corresponding current verified public key values retained in        said public key repositories, with each public key (and        corresponding private/public key pair) having an active time        window being the time period between (i) the start time for use        of said public key and (ii) the start time for use of the        superseding public key (or, if said public key has not been        superseded, the present time).

Preferably said public key distribution means will be configured suchthat a user or device on said information network is able to search saidpublic key distribution means for a specific authorized user on saidinformation network by using said identifying information and/or saidunique identification code as search parameters, and thereby retrievecurrent or historical public key values corresponding to said specificauthorized user, thereby enabling the preparation and transmission ofbiometrically identified message information, and further enabling theretrieval, authentication, decryption and reading of receivedbiometrically identified message information.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda biometric and cryptographic processing unit (BCU) including:

-   -   a biometric receiver to at least receive biometric information        of a user of said BCU;    -   a biometric unit comprising a store of biometric information of        at least one authorized user of said BCU and at least one        processing function to compare received biometric information        from said biometric receiver with said stored biometric        information to determine if the user is an authorized user of        said BCU;    -   a cryptographic unit for generating and storing at least one        asymmetric cryptographic public/private key pair associated with        each authorized user of the BCU, said private keys being        retained within the cryptographic unit and disabled in a default        state, and said public keys being communicable from the BCU for        public use in communicating with the BCU; and    -   at least one input/output port by which encrypted or unencrypted        data is input to said BCU and from which the unencrypted or        encrypted data (respectively) is output from the BCU;    -   the cryptographic unit being operative in response to a specific        authorized user giving permission to undertake a specific        cryptographic operation on data input to the BCU only upon the        specific authorized user being determined as an authorized user        of the BCU by the biometric unit whereby a specific private key        corresponding to the specific authorized user is enabled for use        in said specific cryptographic operation after which, and other        than which, said specific private key is disabled.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described byway of non-limiting example with reference to the schematicillustrations of FIGS. 1 to 9, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a personal information deviceincorporating a biometric/cryptographic processing means;

FIG. 1( a) is a schematic illustration of a preferred method ofoperation of the biometric/cryptographic processing means in thepersonal information device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1( b)—comprising FIGS. 1( b)(i), 1(b)(ii) and 1(b)(iii)—is a secondschematic illustration showing a preferred method of operation of thebiometric/cryptographic processing means in the personal informationdevice of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2—comprising FIGS. 2( a), 2(b) and 2(c)—is a schematic illustrationof preferred means by which a personal information device can providebiometric identification to another device in a network environment;

FIG. 3—comprising FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b)—is a schematic illustration of apreferred technique for enrolling an authorized user and a personalinformation device;

FIG. 4—comprising FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b)—is a schematic illustration ofpreferred methods by which a personal information device may send orreceive encrypted information while also providing biometricidentification of the authorized user of said personal informationdevice;

FIG. 5—comprising FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b)—is a schematic illustration of apreferred method by which biometrically authenticated information istransferred from a first authorized user using a first personalinformation device to a second authorized user using a second personalinformation device;

FIG. 6—comprising FIGS. 6( a) and 6(b)—is a schematic illustration of apreferred scheme for storing user information in thebiometric/cryptographic processing means within a personal informationdevice and in a public key repository (defined below), wherein both thepersonal information device and public key repository are part of thesame information network;

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a preferred method by which anauthorized user of a personal information device that is part of aninformation network can obtain public key values for a second authorizeduser of a second personal information device that is also part of thesame information network and thereby prepare biometrically identifiedinformation to be sent to said second authorized user;

FIG. 8—comprising FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b)—is a schematic illustration of apreferred method for a biometric/cryptographic processing unit in apersonal information device that is part of an information network tofind and retrieve cryptographic keys in order to cryptographicallyprocess biometrically associated information received from anotherpersonal information device that is also part of the same informationnetwork;

FIG. 9—comprising FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b)—is a schematic illustration of apreferred method for a first authorized user of a first personalinformation device to exchange biometrically associated, encryptedinformation with a second authorized user of a second personalinformation device such that all biometrically associated privatecryptographic keys generated in said first or said secondbiometric/cryptographic processing means are one-time keys (i.e. keysthat are used only once).

TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS

Asymmetric Encryption: In the present document the term asymmetricencryption (which is a well-known term) refers to an encryption protocolthat uses a pair of cryptographic keys, Kpv and Kpb—one for encryptionand the other for the corresponding decryption process. One of thekeys—known as the private key, Kpv—is kept secret and the other key—thepublic key, Kpb—is made public (or at least it is to be assumed that itmay be known publicly).Cryptographic Keys: For asymmetric cryptographic systems the generalterm Kpv will be used to represent a private cryptographic key (which isretained secretly), while the general term Kpb will be used to representthe corresponding public cryptographic key. A private key Kpv can beeither an encryption or a decryption key, with the corresponding publickey Kpb being of the opposite type.Verified Public Keys: The suffix (ver) will be used herein to denote averified value of a public key that is obtained from a repository ofverified public key values, such as the public key repository describedherein. Hence, for example, Kpb(ver) is a verified value of the publickey Kpb that has been obtained from said public key repository.Information and Data: In the following descriptions the termsinformation and data will be used interchangeably.BCU: In the following descriptions the acronym BCU is an abbreviationfor “biometric/cryptographic processing unit”, which is defined below.PID: In the following descriptions the acronym PID is an abbreviationfor “personal information device”, which is a general term referring toa device that stores and processes information and into which a BCU isintegrated or to which a BCU is connected, as described below.Non-limiting generic examples of forms that a PID may take include: cellphones, PDA's, laptop computers, and access control devices to gainaccess to buildings, locations, vehicles, bank accounts, etc.Authorized User: An authorized user of a BCU (or a PID incorporating aBCU) is a user who has been enrolled to use said BCU and therefore whocan be positively biometrically identified by said BCU, thereby enablingthe use by said BCU in a specific authorized cryptographic operation ofone or more private keys, Kpv, corresponding to unique key pairs,Kpv/Kpb, that are generated by said BCU and that correspond to and arededicated to said authorized user.Biometrically Identified and Biometrically Authenticated Information: Inthe following descriptions the terms “biometrically identifiedinformation” and “biometrically authenticated information” refer toinformation that is cryptographically processed in such a manner thatthe identity of either the sender or the recipient of said information,or both, can be biometrically verified, as described herein.Connection to an Information Network: In the descriptions hereinreference is made to devices that are “part of” an information network.It should be appreciated that this term implies said devices are capableof connecting to said information network and exchanging informationwith other devices on said network. This term do not imply that saiddevices are constantly or continuously connected to said informationnetwork—for example, a PID that is part of an information network may beswitched off at times, but will still be “part of” said informationnetwork in that it retains the capability to connect to said informationnetwork and exchange information with other devices on said informationnetwork.Encryption Nomenclature: In the descriptions below an expression of theform [D]K represents data D that has been encrypted using thecryptographic key K; while an expression of the form D|^(DS)Kpvrepresents a digital signature derived from data D using private keyKpv.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relates generally to the design, configuration andoperation of a biometric/cryptographic processing unit (BCU)—describedin detail below—and of personal information devices (PID's) thatincorporate said biometric/cryptographic processing unit.

The purposes of said BCU's and associated techniques include:

-   -   enabling a first person to be biometrically identified to a        second person (or persons) or to another device over a network        such as the internet;    -   enabling secure, biometrically authenticated person-to-person or        person-to-device communications over a network;    -   enabling a first person to identify and send a biometrically        authenticated message to a second person over a network, such        that said first person is biometrically identified to said        second person and only said second person (after biometric        identification) can read said message;        all of the above being enabled without biometric information        corresponding to said first person or said second person being        released into said network.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of abiometric/cryptographic processing unit (BCU) 103, and a personalinformation device (PID) 100 incorporating the BCU 103. In theembodiment of FIG. 1 the BCU 103 is used to biometrically identify anauthorized user 101 to an external device 102 and to enablebiometrically-identified information exchange between the PID 100 andexternal device 102. The external device 102 could in some embodimentsbe another PID operated by a second user.

As should be obvious, the illustration of FIG. 1 is not to scale.Normally the PID 100 would be small compared with the size of a humanbeing—for example it may be in the form of a cell phone; PDA; laptopcomputer; or access control device to gain access to a building,location, vehicle, bank account, etc. Each BCU 103 (and therefore eachPID 100) may have one or more authorized users, each of whom isidentified to the BCU 103 by biometric means.

The PID 100 incorporates, but is not limited to:

-   -   the biometric/cryptographic processing unit (BCU) 103;    -   information processing and information storage functions 108;        and    -   a communications unit 110.

The BCU 103 includes a capability to biometrically identify anauthorized user 101 and directly associates said authorized user 101with specific cryptographic keys that are known only to the BCU 103 andthat are preferably generated by the BCU 103. The BCU 103 also enablesinformation generated by the information processing and informationstorage functions 108 to be biometrically associated with authorizeduser 101.

The BCU 103 incorporates, but is not limited to, the following apparatusand/or capabilities:

-   -   one or more biometric sensors 104 to at least receive and        preferably read input biometric information 105 from a user and        to output corresponding biometric data 105 a;    -   internal biometric processing functions 106;    -   internal cryptographic processing functions 107;    -   information input/output ports, such as the ports 109 and 111 in        the embodiment of FIG. 1.

The biometric sensor 104 reads biometric information 105 from a user101. In one specific embodiment the biometric sensor 104 may be afingerprint scanner, but it should be appreciated that other biometricsensing techniques and apparatus may be used instead, and that multipletypes of biometric information 105 may be gathered from a user 101 togenerate the output biometric data 105 a. It should be appreciated thatthe process of gathering biometric information should preferably involveas little disruption as possible to a user operating the PID 100. In analternative embodiment, the sensor 104 may be configured as a receiverto receive the biometric data 105 a from an external input, to which atleast one appropriate biometric sensor is operatively coupled. Such canpermit remote input of biometric information, for example via specificbiometric sensor(s) coupled to the BCU 103 or PID 100.

In one embodiment the biometric processing function unit 106 may includeor comprise the means to undertake optical recognition of all or part ofa user's face, and the BCU 103 or PID 100 may incorporate a user-facingcamera that captures an image of all or the relevant part of the face ofthe user, and processes said image so as to enable biometric recognitionof the user. One specific example of this embodiment may use facialrecognition, while another example may use iris recognition, while yetanother example may use a combination of facial and iris recognition.

In another embodiment the biometric processing functions 106 may includeor comprise voice recognition, and the PID 100 may incorporate amicrophone that captures the voice of the user, and processes saiduser's voice so as to enable biometric recognition of the user.

In another embodiment the biometric processing functions 106 may includeor comprise a combination of the abovedescribed optical recognition ofall or part of a user's face and the abovedescribed voice recognition,and the PID 100 may incorporate both a user-facing camera that capturesan image of all or the relevant part of the face of the user and amicrophone that captures the voice of the user.

In yet another embodiment the biometric processing functions 106 mayinclude or comprise fingerprint recognition—either alone or incombination with any of the abovedescribed biometric recognitiontechniques—and the PID 100 may incorporate a fingerprint reading devicewith a reading surface situated on the PID 100 such that one or more ofa user's fingers rests naturally on said reading surface, so thatreading of a user's fingerprint(s) can be carried out with minimaldisruption or inconvenience to the user.

The biometric data 105 a output from the biometric sensor 104 is inputto, and processed by, the biometric processing functions 106 in order tobiometrically identify the user 101—i.e. to determine whether thebiometric data 105 a corresponds to an authorized user of the BCU 103.Said biometric identification may be carried out using any of a numberof known techniques. In one preferred approach biometric identificationmay be carried out by comparing the biometric data 105 a with a templategenerated and stored within the BCU 103. In one preferred embodimentsaid template may be a matching template, in which features of thebiometric data 105 a are matched directly with equivalent features insaid matching template—for example, the inflection point characteristicsof a measured fingerprint may be compared directly with stored templateinflection point characteristics. In another preferred embodiment saidtemplate may be a so-called “biometric encryption” template, and a knowntechnology called biometric encryption may be used to process thebiometric data 105 a to determine whether said biometric data 105 acorresponds to an authorized user of the BCU 103. An advantage of usingsaid biometric encryption technology is that the biometric encryptiontemplate is not a direct match with the corresponding user's biometricdata and hence poses a lower privacy risk to the user if it becomesknown.

For each authorized user 101 of BCU 103, the cryptographic processingfunctions 107 in the BCU 103 generate and retain one or more asymmetriccryptographic key pairs, Kpv/Kpb, that are associated with saidauthorized user 101, where Kpv represents a “private” cryptographic keyand the Kpb represents the corresponding “public” cryptographic key ofthe key pair Kpv/Kpb. Preferably, but not necessarily, each differentkey pair, Kpv/Kpb, retained in BCU 103 and associated with authorizeduser 101 will be used for a different type of cryptographic operation.Each of the key pairs Kpv/Kpb corresponding to an authorized user 101 ofthe BCU 103 is preferably generated within the cryptographic processingfunctions 107 and stored within the BCU 103. Each private key Kpv isretained secretly and securely within the BCU 103 and is preferablynever released by the BCU 103, while each corresponding public key Kpbis made publicly available. Preferably each of said cryptographic keypairs Kpv/Kpb generated by the cryptographic processing functions 107 isunique and uniquely associated with an authorized user 101 of BCU 103.

It is important to appreciate that each biometrically associatedcryptographic key pair Kpv/Kpb is generated independently within thecryptographic processing functions 107 and is not derived in any wayfrom biometric data for the authorized user 101 with which said key pairKpv/Kpb is associated. The association between key pair Kpv/Kpb andbiometric identification of the corresponding authorized user 101 isestablished independently of the process of generating the key pairKpv/Kpb. Key generation within the cryptographic processing functions107 is separate from the biometric identification process, therebyproviding complete flexibility in the selection of cryptographic keyscorresponding to an authorized user.

In its default state, the BCU 103 is configured such that the privatekeys, Kpv, corresponding to an authorized user 101 of BCU 103 aredisabled—i.e. are not available for use, and in particular are notavailable for use by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU103. As described above, the corresponding public keys, Kpb, arereleased publicly for access and use by anyone.

Preferably one or more private cryptographic keys, Kpv, corresponding toan authorized user 101 of BCU 103 that are required for use in aspecific cryptographic operation will be enabled for use by the internalcryptographic processing functions 107 in said specific cryptographicoperation if and only if authorized user 101 has provided biometricauthorization for said specific cryptographic operation, where saidbiometric authorization for said specific cryptographic operation is aprocess that includes (i) said authorized user 101 being positivelybiometrically identified by the biometric processing functions 106 atthe time said biometric authorization is provided, and (ii) saidpositive biometric identification forming an integral part of, or beingassociated with, the process of said authorized user 101 providingexplicit permission for said specific cryptographic operation to beundertaken. In this way said specific cryptographic operation isunambiguously biometrically identified with said authorized user 101.Said biometric authorization is indicated to the cryptographicprocessing functions 107, thereby enabling the required private keys,Kpv, to be used by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in saidspecific cryptographic operation but not in any other operation.Expressed another way, each specific cryptographic operation to beundertaken by the cryptographic processing functions 107 that requiresthe use of one or more private keys, Kpv, corresponding to authorizeduser 101 will require specific corresponding biometric authorization byauthorized user 101 for said specific cryptographic operation. Saidprivate keys, Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101 are not therebyenabled for use in any operation other than said specific cryptographicoperation—i.e. other than for said biometrically authorized specificcryptographic operation, said private keys, Kpv, remain in their defaultdisabled state.

It is important to appreciate that the private keys, Kpv, are only everenabled for specific biometrically authorized cryptographic operations,and otherwise remain disabled (which is their default state).

It should be appreciated that a single positive biometric identificationof authorized user 101 may be used as the basis for providing biometricauthorization for one or more specific cryptographic operations thatrequire use of private keys, Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101.

In a non-limiting example, authorized user 101 of BCU 103 may wish todigitally sign a document. In this example the BCU 103 or PID 100 maypresent to authorized user 101 an option to generate a biometricallyassociated digital signature—i.e. a digital signature that a third partycan verify was generated by (biometrically identified) authorized user101. Authorized user 101 may then carry out an action indicatingpermission to generate a biometrically associated digital signature,while at the same time providing biometric data to facilitate biometricidentification. For example, authorized user 101 may tap a screen iconindicating permission to generate a biometrically associated digitalsignature while at the same time the BCU 103 or PID 100 takes an imageof authorized user 101's face or iris to enable biometric identificationof authorized user 101; or authorized user 101 may press a screen iconindicating permission to generate a biometrically associated digitalsignature while at the same time the area of the screen on which saidicon appears may act as a fingerprint imaging device, taking an image ofauthorized user 101's fingerprint to enable biometric identification ofauthorized user 101. A private encryption key, Kpv, stored in BCU 103and corresponding to authorized user 101, is then enabled in order togenerate said biometrically associated digital signature, but for noother operation—otherwise said private encryption key, Kpv, remainsdisabled.

In general, a cryptographic operation requiring the use (by thecryptographic processing operations 107) of private keys, Kpv,corresponding to authorized user 101 may be either (i) biometricallyauthorized for immediate execution (real time biometric authorization),or (ii) biometrically pre-authorized for future execution. Biometricauthorization by authorized user 101 for immediate execution (real timebiometric authentication) involves enabling the required private keys,Kpv, for use in undertaking said specific cryptographic operationimmediately. Biometric pre-authorization by authorized user 101 involvesenabling the required private keys, Kpv, for use in executing saidspecific cryptographic operation on one or more occasions in the futureaccording to rules that are also authorized by authorized user 101.

Real time biometric authorization is preferred or required for mostbiometrically associated cryptographic operations, in order for thebiometric association to carry the appropriate security andidentification implications. In some situations, however, biometricpre-authorization may be appropriate—for example, authorized user 101may provide biometric pre-authorization for future key updatingoperations. For simplicity, in the descriptions and preferredembodiments that follow it is assumed (unless otherwise stated) that allbiometric authorization processes are real time, but it should beappreciated that in alternative embodiments biometric pre-authorizationmay instead be employed.

It is important to appreciate that the private keys, Kpv, correspondingto authorized user 101 are disabled for any and all operations that arenot biometrically authorized by authorized user 101. In the defaultstate—i.e. when their use is not biometrically authorized—said privatekeys, Kpv, are disabled. This is in contrast to the usual implementationof the abovedescribed “key release” method, in which biometricidentification releases stored information, including cryptographickeys, for use over a period of time such as a user session.

It should also be noted that only the secretly-retained private keys,Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101 need to be enabled forbiometrically authorized cryptographic operations—the correspondingpublic keys, Kpb, are made public for anyone to access and use.

If the biometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103 are unable todetermine that the biometric data 105 a obtained from a user correspondsto an authorized user of the BCU 103, then all biometrically associatedprivate keys, Kpv, that are secretly retained in the BCU103—corresponding to authorized users of the BCU 103—will remaindisabled (which, as described above, is the default state for saidprivate keys). In other words, said BCU 103 will not be able to use anyof the internally-generated private keys that correspond to authorizedusers of the BCU 103. The default state for the BCU 103 is that theinternally generated private keys corresponding to authorized users ofthe BCU 103 are disabled.

In one embodiment the BCU 103 may associate one unique “active” key pairKpv/Kpb with an authorized user 101 of the PID 100, which key pairKpv/Kpb may be updated by the BCU 103 from time to time, therebyreplacing the previous key pair. In another embodiment the BCU 103 mayassociate two or more unique “active” key pairs—K1 pv/K1 pb, K2 pv/K2pb, etc.—with an authorized user 101 of the PID 100, which key pairs—K1pv/K1 pb, K2 pv/K2 pb, etc—may be updated by the BCU 103 from time totime, thereby replacing the previous key pairs.

As described above, the BCU 103 will enable the secretly-retainedprivate keys, Kpv, that are associated with a specific authorized user101 to be used by the internal cryptographic processing functions 107 ina specific cryptographic operation only if the biometric processingfunctions 106 in BCU 103 have positively biometrically identifiedauthorized user 101 in the associated biometric authorization procedure.Hence use by the internal cryptographic processing functions 107 of oneor more of the private keys, Kpv, that are associated with authorizeduser 101 is equivalent to positive biometric identification of theauthorized user 101. This equivalence is assured by the fact that, asdescribed above, biometric authorization by authorized user 101 is for aspecific cryptographic operation and the private keys, Kpv, are notenabled for use in any operation other than said specific cryptographicoperation. Consequently if it can be established that a privatecryptographic key, Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101 has beenused in a cryptographic process, it can reliably be concluded that saidcorresponding authorized user 101 was present at the time saidcryptographic operation was authorized, and in the case of real timebiometric authorization this means that authorized user 101 was presentat the time said cryptographic operation was carried out. Hence if anexternal device 102 (see FIG. 1) can determine that the BCU 103 in PID100 has used one or more private keys, Kpv, associated with authorizeduser 101 for a specific cryptographic operation, then said externaldevice 102 can conclude that said authorized user 101 was positivelybiometrically identified by the BCU 103 at the time said specificcryptographic operation was authorized, which in the case of real timebiometric authorization is the time said specific cryptographicoperation was carried out. It should be appreciated that positivebiometric identification of said authorized user 101 to said externaldevice 102 occurs without any of said authorized user 101's biometricinformation being released from the BCU 103.

Biometric authorization is therefore a process that allows an authorizeduser of a BCU to be unambiguously biometrically identified by anotherperson or device as the originator of a specific cryptographic operationcarried out by the cryptographic processing functions within said BCU,without any of said authorized user's biometric information beingreleased from said BCU. Private keys generated and stored in a BCU andcorresponding to an authorized user of said BCU (biometricallyassociated private keys) are disabled in their default state—i.e. saidprivate keys in their default state cannot be used by said BCU. Abiometrically associated private key is only enabled for use in aspecific cryptographic operation if the authorized user corresponding tosaid private key provides biometric authorization for said specificcryptographic operation, where providing biometric authorizationinvolves said authorized user being positively biometrically identifiedby the biometric processing functions in said BCU in combination with,or as an integral part of, said authorized user giving permission forsaid specific cryptographic operation to be undertaken by said BCU usingan appropriate private key corresponding to said authorized user. Saidspecific cryptographic operation will generate output data. If anotherperson or device can determine that one of said authorized user'sbiometrically associated private keys was used to generate said outputdata, then said other person or device can reliably conclude that saidauthorized user has been biometrically identified as the originator ofsaid specific cryptographic operation. Said other person or device canconfirm that one of said authorized user's private keys has been used togenerate said output data by processing said output data using saidauthorized user's corresponding public key, to which said other personor device has access (since said public keys are made generallyavailable). Biometric identification of said authorized user by saidother person or device is thereby undertaken without any of saidauthorized user's biometric information being released from said BCU.

In one specific preferred embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 1, theinternal cryptographic processing functions 107 may generate two unique“active” key pairs, K1 pv/K1 pb and K2 pv/K2 pb, and associate said twokey pairs with authorized user 101 of the BCU 103. Preferably, but notnecessarily, one key pair, K1 pv/K1 pb, may be used for encryption ofinformation sent from a remote device 102 to the PID 100, in which casethe private decryption key, K1 pv, will be used to decrypt receivedinformation that was encrypted by a remote device 102 using thecorresponding public encryption key K1 pb. Preferably, but notnecessarily, the other key pair, K2 pv/K2 pb, may be used by the BCU 103to generate digital signatures using the private encryption key K2 pv,with said digital signatures being transmitted to a remote device 102for decryption and verification using the corresponding publicdecryption key K2 pb.

In a variation on the embodiments described above and elsewhere in thisdocument, a BCU 103 may generate key pairs corresponding to anauthorized user 101, including multiple unique key pairs Kpv/Kpb of thesame type corresponding to authorized user 101—for example, multipleunique key pairs Kpv/Kpb where in each case the key Kpv is a privateencryption key and the key Kpb is the corresponding public decryptionkey; or multiple unique key pairs Kpv/Kpb where in each case the key Kpvis a private decryption key and the key Kpb is the corresponding publicencryption key—with each of said key pairs Kpv/Kpb of the same typecorresponding to a different set of characteristics, or a different userprofile, for said authorized user 101. For example, one specific keypair may represent a first user profile for authorized user 101, whileanother specific key pair of the same type may represent a second userprofile for authorized user 101. When authorized user 101 is required toprovide biometric authorization for a specific cryptographic operation,the BCU 103 may present to authorized user 101 a choice of said userprofiles, each said user profile being associated with a differentunique private key, Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101, and witheach of the private keys corresponding to said user profiles being ofthe correct type to undertake said specific cryptographic operation. Byselecting a user profile, authorized user 101 is in effect selecting theprivate key, Kpv, that will be used to undertake said specificcryptographic operation. For example, when authorized user 101 isrequired to provide biometric authorization for a specific cryptographicoperation (such as digitally signing a document), the BCU 103 maypresent a choice of user profiles—perhaps one or more professionalprofiles and one or more private profiles—for authorized user 101 toselect from in carrying out said specific cryptographic operation. Theprivate key, Kpv, corresponding to the selected user profile will thenbe used to undertake the specific cryptographic operation. Suppose thatin such a process authorized user 101 selects user profile 1, for whichthe corresponding unique key pair is Kpv^(prof1)/Kpb^(prof1). Then theprivate key Kpv^(prof1) will be used to carry out said specificcryptographic operation, which will generate output data. A recipient ofsaid output data can then use public key Kpb^(prof1) to biometricallyidentify authorized user 101 as the originator of said output data (asdescribed elsewhere in this document), where in this example authorizeduser 101 will be defined to said recipient by user profile 1.

In addition to the capability to generate and store cryptographic keypairs, Kpv/Kpb, corresponding to authorized users of the BCU 103, theinternal cryptographic processing functions 107 will preferably includethe capability to encrypt and decrypt information by means of one ormore of a number of cryptographic methods or algorithms.

In some embodiments the BCU 103 may generate and store “non-biometric”cryptographic keys that are not associated with authorized users of theBCU 103 and that the BCU 103 can use without requiring biometricidentification of an authorized user. Such non-biometric cryptographickeys may be used for general cryptographic operations, such as securingcommunications between the PID 100 and another device, but will notprovide any biometric identification capability. The use of suchnon-biometric cryptographic keys may or may not be restricted in someway.

FIG. 1( a) is a schematic illustration of a typical sequence of eventsin a non-limiting preferred embodiment of the BCU 103. For simplicity,only a single key pair, Kpv/Kpb, corresponding to authorized user 101 ofBCU 103 is used in the embodiment of FIG. 1( a), although it should beappreciated that the embodiment of FIG. 1( a) can be extended to the useof multiple key pairs corresponding to authorized user 101. In theillustration of FIG. 1( a) the BCU 103 is required to undertake in realtime a biometrically authenticated specific cryptographic operation thatrequires the use of a (secret) private cryptographic key, Kpv,corresponding to authorized user 101 of BCU 103, thereby associatingpositive biometric identification of authorized user 101 with saidspecific cryptographic process. As described above, the private key Kpvis enabled for use by the cryptographic processing functions 107 forsaid specific cryptographic operation only if authorized user 101 ispositively biometrically identified by the biometric processingfunctions 106 as part of biometric authorization by authorized user 101for said specific cryptographic operation to be undertaken. The sequenceof events in the example of FIG. 1( a) is as follows:

-   -   1. A specific cryptographic operation to be undertaken by the        cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103, and requiring        the use of private key Kpv corresponding to authorized user 101,        is identified.    -   2. Authorized user 101 is requested to biometrically authorize        said specific cryptographic operation.    -   3. User 101 presents for biometric identification as part of the        biometric authorization process. In the case of fingerprint        biometrics, this would involve user 101 presenting a finger to        the biometric sensor 104 (in this example a fingerprint        scanner). In this preferred embodiment providing biometric        information also indicates authorization (conditional on        positive biometric identification of authorized user 101) for        said specific cryptographic operation (but no other operation)        to be undertaken and to be biometrically associated with        authorized user 101 (i.e. for said specific cryptographic        operation to use the private key, Kpv, corresponding to        authorized user 101).    -   4. The biometric sensor 104 reads biometric information 105 from        user 101 and generates from it biometric data 105 a. The        biometric data 105 a is transferred to the biometric processing        functions 106.    -   5. The biometric processing functions 106 determine whether the        biometric data 105 a corresponds to authorized user 101. If YES        (i.e. the biometric data 105 a does correspond to authorized        user 101), then steps 6 and following are undertaken. If NO        (i.e. authorized user 101 has not been biometrically        identified), then the process is stopped.    -   6. An indication of positive biometric identification of        authorized user 101 is transferred to the cryptographic        processing functions 107, along with permission to use private        key Kpv in said specific cryptographic operation—in other words,        authorized user 101's biometric authorization to undertake said        specific cryptographic operation is communicated to the        cryptographic processing functions 107. The cryptographic        processing functions 107 have previously generated the key pair        Kpv/Kpb and associated said key pair with biometric        identification of authorized user 101. As described above, the        private key, Kpv, is retained secretly within the BCU 103, while        the corresponding public key, Kpb, is released publicly. With        the cryptographic processing functions 107 in their default        state, the key Kpv is disabled—i.e. the cryptographic processing        functions 107 are unable to use the key Kpv. Biometric        authorization by authorized user 101 to undertake said specific        cryptographic operation, including positive biometric        identification of authorized user 101 by biometric processing        functions 106, enables the private key Kpv for use by the        cryptographic processing functions 107 to carry out said        specific cryptographic operation, but for no other process or        function—i.e. other than for said specific cryptographic        operation said private key, Kpv, remains disabled.    -   7. Said specific cryptographic operation is carried out by the        cryptographic processing functions 107 using the private key        Kpv.    -   8. The private key Kpv then returns to (or remains in) its        default disabled state.    -   9. The results of said specific cryptographic operation are        output from the BCU 103.

As described above, the cryptographic key pair Kpv/Kpb is generated bythe cryptographic processing functions 107 and is associated withauthorized user 101. However, both the cryptographic key pair Kpv/Kpband the process for generating the cryptographic key pair Kpv/Kpb areunrelated to the biometric data 105 a or biometric template(s)corresponding to authorized user 101. The cryptographic key pair (orpairs, in other embodiments) corresponding to authorized user 101 aregenerated independently by the cryptographic processing functions 107and subsequently associated with biometric identification of authorizeduser 101.

Separating the generation of the cryptographic keys Kpv/Kpb from anybiometrically-derived values allows the greatest possible flexibility indetermining said cryptographic key values, and also means that nobiometrically-related information leaks out of the BCU 103 via thevalues of the publicly-released public keys Kpb.

As described in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 1( a), biometricauthorization of said specific cryptographic operation by authorizeduser 101, including positive biometric identification of authorized user101 by the biometric processing functions 106, in essence acts as aswitch that enables use by the cryptographic processing functions 107 insaid specific cryptographic operation (but in no other operation) of theprivate key, Kpv, corresponding to authorized user 101.

FIG. 1( b) is a schematic illustration of another non-limiting preferredmethod of operation of the BCU 103. In the embodiment of FIG. 1( b)authorized user 101 is enrolled to use the BCU 103. In this example thecryptographic processing functions 107 have generated a number ofcryptographic key pairs, K1 pv/K1 pb, K2 pv/K2 pb, K3 pv/K3 pb, . . .KNpv/KNpb, and associated said key pairs with biometric identificationof authorized user 101: As described above, the secret keys, K1 pv, K2pv, K3 pv, . . . KNpv, are retained secretly and securely in thecryptographic processing functions 107 and in their default state aredisabled, as indicated by the cross next to each private key value inFIG. 1( b). In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1( b) the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 are requested to perform a specificcryptographic operation, P. The cryptographic processing functions 107determine that undertaking the specific cryptographic operation Prequires use of the private key K2 pv corresponding to authorized user101, and therefore authorized user 101 must provide biometricauthorization for the operation P, which in turn requires thatauthorized user 101 be positively biometrically identified by thebiometric processing functions 106. The cryptographic processingfunctions 107 may be able to determine that the key K2 pv is required toperform the specific cryptographic operation P as a result of therequest to perform the operation P incorporating the correspondingpublic key K2 pb—for example the operation P may involve decryptinginformation that was encrypted with the public encryption key K2 pb. Apreferred sequence of events involved in undertaking the specificcryptographic operation, P, is as follows. (Numbers in circles in FIG.1( b) correspond to the sub-paragraph numbers below.)

-   -   1. FIG. 1( b)(i): The cryptographic processing functions 107        receive a request to undertake a specific cryptographic        operation P. Undertaking the operation P requires use of the        private key K2 pv corresponding to authorized user 101, and        therefore requires biometric authorization by authorized user        101 (which in turn requires positive biometric identification of        authorized user 101 by the biometric processing functions 106).    -   2. FIG. 1( b)(i): The cryptographic processing functions 107        present a request to the biometric processing functions 106 for        biometric authorization by authorized user 101 of the specific        cryptographic operation P (which operation P requires use of the        private key, K2 pv, corresponding to authorized user 101).    -   3. FIG. 1( b)(i): Authorized user 101 provides biometric        authorization for the specific cryptographic operation P. This        includes authorized user 101 providing biometric information 105        to the biometric sensor 104, which outputs biometric data 105 a        to the biometric processing functions 106. The biometric        processing functions 106 determine whether the biometric data        105 a corresponds to authorized user 101. If YES, the specific        cryptographic operation P is biometrically authorized, and steps        4 (below) and following are undertaken. If NO, no the process is        stopped and the specific cryptographic operation P is not        undertaken.    -   4. FIG. 1( b)(i): The biometric processing functions 106 confirm        to the cryptographic processing functions 107 biometric        authorization by authorized user 101 of the specific        cryptographic operation P by confirming that (i) authorized user        101 has been positively biometrically identified and (ii) in        facilitating said positive biometric identification, authorized        user 101 authorized that the specific cryptographic operation P        be carried out (requiring use of private key K2 pv).    -   5. FIG. 1( b)(ii): Biometric authorization by authorized user        101 of the specific cryptographic operation P enables the        private key K2 pv for the specific cryptographic operation P—the        enabled key K2 pv is indicated by a check mark next to the key        value in FIG. 1( b). The key K2 pv is enabled only for the        specific cryptographic operation P, and otherwise remains in its        default disabled state. All other private keys corresponding to        authorized user 101 remain in their default disabled state.    -   6. FIG. 1( b)(iii): The specific cryptographic operation P is        undertaken and the results are output from the cryptographic        processing functions 107. The private key K2 pv returns to (or        remains in) its disabled state. It is important to appreciate        that throughout the above process the private key K2 pv remains        disabled for all operations other than the specific        cryptographic operation P.

The BCU 103 may be a separate stand-alone device that connects to otherinformation processing devices or functions. In one embodiment it may bea module that plugs into another device. For example, the BCU 103 may bea card or module that can be plugged in to a cell phone, PDA or laptopcomputer. Typically (but not necessarily) the BCU 103 will beincorporated into a larger information processing device, as illustratedin the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1, in which the BCU 103 isincorporated into the PID 100. This configuration is advantageousbecause while the BCU 103 provides biometric/cryptographic functionsthat can be biometrically associated with an authorized user 101,thereby enabling biometric identification of authorized user 101 to aremote device 102 without any of authorized user 101's biometric databeing released from the BCU 103, generally this biometric identificationwill be of greatest value when it is associated with other information.Said other information, when prepared within the PID 100, will typicallybe processed in functions external to the BCU 103. In the embodiment ofFIG. 1 said external functions are incorporated into the informationprocessing and information storage functions 108. Associating the BCU103 with said information processing and information storage functions108 allows biometric identification of an authorized user to beassociated with the information generated by the information processingand information storage functions 108. The information processing andinformation storage functions 108 could in principle include any type ofinformation processing function. Typical non-limiting examples includethe types of information processing and storage functions commonly foundin cell phones, PDA's, iPhones, and laptop computers, but it should beappreciated that any type of information processing function could beincluded in the information processing and information storage functions108. The information processing and information storage functions 108may also include a display screen 122 to display information to a userof the PID 100, and an information input means 120. Examples of saidinformation input means 120 include a manual information input interfacesuch as (but not limited to) a keyboard, mouse pointer or touchscreen,or a non-manual information input means such as (but not limited to) abarcode scanner, radio frequency receiver, or radio frequencyidentification (RFID) reading device. The information input means 120 isused by the authorized user 101 to carry out an action indicatingpermission, as discussed above, to implement a biometrically associatedcryptographic operation, thereby necessitating the providing at the sametime of biometric data to facilitate biometric identification orre-identification of the authorized user. Information exchange betweenthe information processing and information storage functions 108 and theBCU 103 is via a two-way information channel 109.

In another preferred embodiment the information processing functions ofthe BCU 103—specifically the biometric processing functions 106 andcryptographic processing functions 107—may be implemented in the form ofsoftware and/or firmware in the BCU 103 (if the BCU is a separatedevice) or in the PID 100. Software or firmware implementations are ingeneral more convenient to deploy and can be less expensive to develop,but have the disadvantage that they are usually less secure thanhardware implementations.

The PID 100 also includes a communications unit 110 to transmitinformation to remote devices 102 and receive information from remotedevices 102. Information is transferred between the BCU 103 and thecommunications unit 110 via a two-way information channel 111. In onepreferred embodiment the communications unit 110 may provide a wiredmeans to send information to, and receive information from, remotedevices 102, while in another preferred embodiment the communicationsunit 110 may provide a wireless means to send information to, andreceive information from, remote devices 102.

Preferably the BCU 103 may include tamper indicating features—indicatedby the dashed line 112 in FIG. 1—to protect against physical orelectronic interrogation of, or tampering with, the BCU 103.

In one preferred embodiment the BCU 103 may be incorporated into asingle application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), thereby allowinga high degree of security against tampering or interrogation of thefunctions or data associated with the BCU 103.

In some preferred embodiments the BCU 103 may have only one authorizeduser. In other preferred embodiments the BCU 103 may have more than oneauthorized user, each of which can be separately and independentlybiometrically identified to a network or external device, as describedherein in relation to the particular authorized user 101. In suchembodiments the biometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103 willpreferably store biometric template information for each authorizeduser, allowing the BCU 103 to biometrically identify each authorizeduser. Similarly, the cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103will generate and store unique cryptographic key pairs Kpv/Kpbcorresponding to each authorized user of the BCU 103, with the privatekeys Kpv corresponding to a specific authorized user being enabled foruse by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in specificcryptographic operations only if said specific authorized user hasprovided biometric authorization for said specific cryptographicoperations, which biometric authorization includes said specificauthorized user being positively biometrically identified by thebiometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103, as described herein.

Example of Operation of the BCU 103

A typical (although non-limiting) example of operation of the BCU 103 byan authorized user 101 is now described briefly—more detaileddescriptions are provided below. It should be appreciated that there aremany variations of the ways in which the BCU 103 may be used, based onthe general principles described herein.

As discussed above, the purposes of the BCU 103 include (but are notlimited to):

-   -   allowing a first person to be biometrically identified to a        second person (or persons) or to another device;    -   allowing secure, biometrically identified person-to-person or        person-to-device information exchange;    -   allowing a first person to identify and send a biometrically        identified message to a second person such that the first person        is biometrically identified to the second person and only the        second person (after biometric identification) can read said        message.

In this example an authorized user 101 may use the BCU 103 (in PID 100)to send biometrically identified information to a second authorized userof a second BCU. To do this authorized user 101 obtains the seconduser's biometrically-associated public cryptographic keys. Authorizeduser 101 then prepares the message information to be sent to the seconduser and encrypts it using the second user's public encryption key.Authorized user 101 then biometrically identifies himself or herself toBCU 103 as part of the biometric authorization for the use of his/herprivate (secret) encryption key for use in digitally signing theencrypted message information. (Digitally signing a message is a commonand well-known procedure that will not be described in detail here.) Theencrypted message information plus digital signature are then sent tothe second PID. The second user uses the public decryption key ofauthorized user 101 to verify the digital signature and therebybiometrically identify authorized user 101 as the sender of theencrypted message information (since the digital signing processrequired use of authorized user 101's private encryption key, therebyrequiring positive biometric identification of authorized user 101). Thesecond user then positively biometrically identifies himself or herselfto the BCU in the second PID, and provides biometric authorization forsaid second BCU to use said second user's (secret) private decryptionkey to decrypt the encrypted message information. Hence only the seconduser, after positive biometric identification, can read the messageinformation sent by authorized user 101. Consequently both authorizeduser 101 and the second user have been biometrically identified in thecourse of the message transfer, and the message information has beensecured (encrypted) in transit. However, it should be noted that nobiometric information has left either user's BCU.

This scenario is discussed in more detail below. It should beappreciated that variations on this scenario are possible. For example,the above describes an “encrypt then sign” methodology, while it shouldbe obvious that an equivalent “sign then encrypt” methodology could havebeen used instead, and would have been equally effective.

Example Application

In one non-limiting example application the PID 100 may be a cell phoneincorporating the BCU 103. The cell phone (PID 100) may be used tofacilitate product purchases—either in-store product purchases orpurchases via the internet.

In this example application an authorized user of the cell phone (PID100) selects the products that he or she wishes to purchase. In the caseof an in-store purchase product selection may be carried out for exampleby using a barcode or RFID reader in the cell phone to read labeling onthe products, or by a store employee identifying the products at acheckout and transmitting the product information to the user's cellphone by known means such as a Bluetooth wireless connection or SMSmessage or some other suitable means. In the case of an internetpurchase product selection may be carried out by the user browsing theinternet using the cell phone (PID 100) and selecting the products to bepurchased at the appropriate web site.

Once the products that are to be purchased have been selected, the userprovides biometric authorization in order for the product purchases tobe completed. As described herein, the process of providing biometricauthorization includes the BCU 103 in the cell phone (PID 100)biometrically identifying the user as the (or an) authorized user of thecell phone (PID 100). Biometric identification may be carried out usinga method such as described herein—for example, an iris or facialrecognition process may be employed, with image capture by means of auser-facing camera in the cell phone (PID 100), or voice recognition maybe used, or other biometric identification methodologies may be used, ora combination of biometric methodologies may be used. Once the user hasprovided biometric authorization for the purchases, the BCU 103 in thecell phone (PID 100) uses one or more private cryptographic keys storedin said BCU 103 and corresponding to the user, to identify said user andsaid purchases to a remote banking or financial server, where the user'saccount is debited accordingly. As described in detail herein, it shouldbe appreciated that in this example application the user has beenbiometrically identified to said banking or financial server withoutsaid user's biometric data being released into the communicationsnetwork. By this means the actual person making the purchases isbiometrically identified, which is a substantially more secure andreliable purchase authorization method than is employed currently forcredit cards, where in most instances the purchasing process onlyverifies the card information, but not the actual user of the card.

The same methodology as described in this example application could beemployed in the case where the PID 100 is a computer such as a laptopcomputer.

In this manner the methods described herein may be used to replacecredit cards with a more secure and reliable biometric purchaseauthorization process, with each user's biometric information beingprotected since it is never released into the communications network.

It should be appreciated that numerous other implementations arepossible for the biometric identification technology described herein.In addition to acting as a replacement for identification cards innetwork-based financial transaction systems (as described above inrelation to credit cards), the biometric identification technologydescribed herein can be used as a basis for:

-   -   biometrically authenticated access control to buildings and        other locations, equipment and vehicles;    -   biometrically authenticated access control to online records,        and in particular online personal records such as medical        records;    -   biometric identification of participants in online social        networking sites and other interactive online sites;    -   any other application in which it is advantageous to securely        and reliably identify a person rather than a device being used        by said person.

In all cases an advantage of the biometric technology described hereinis that it allows biometric identification of a user over a networkwithout said user's biometric information every being released into thenetwork, thereby protecting and ensuring the privacy of each user'sbiometric information.

Biometrically Tagged Information

In the present document biometric tagging of information is defined asfollows. Information is biometrically tagged for a specific user if saidspecific user uses a biometrically associated private key, Kpv,corresponding to said specific user in processing said biometricallytagged information—where the private key, Kpv, is generated and storedin said specific user's BCU, as described above. In the above example ofoperation of the PID 100 the information is biometrically tagged forboth the sender and the recipient:

-   -   the sender (authorized user 101) used a biometrically associated        (secret) private key to generate a digital signature—hence the        transmitted information is biometrically tagged for the sender        (authorized user 101);    -   the recipient (the second user) must use a biometrically        associated (secret) private key to decrypt the received message        information—hence the transmitted information is also        biometrically tagged for the recipient (the second user).

The BCU—Functions and Information Flow

In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1 all information that istransferred from the information processing and information storagefunctions 108 to the communications unit 110, or from the communicationsunit 110 to the information processing and information storage functions108, passes through the BCU 103. This is not necessarily always thecase. In some preferred embodiments some information being transferredbetween the information processing and information storage functions 108and the communications unit 110 may bypass the BCU 103. This may betrue, for example, of certain types of information—such ascommunications “overhead” data—that are not subjected to cryptographicprocessing or that are inherently not appropriate for biometric tagging.In general, however, message contents will pass through the BCU 103 forcryptographic processing. In addition, the BCU 103 will be used tobiometrically identify an authorized user 101 of the BCU 103 to a remotedevice 102 or to a person using said remote device 102.

The BCU 103 is able to use internally generated, secretly retainedprivate cryptographic keys, Kpv, that correspond to an authorized user101 to process information in a specific cryptographic operation onlywhen said specific cryptographic operation is biometrically authorizedby said authorized user 101.

Preferably the PID 100 will also be usable for information processingthat is not biometrically authorized. Without biometric authorizationthe BCU 103 will be unable to perform any functions that require the useof secret internally generated private cryptographic keys, Kpv, thatcorrespond to and biometrically identify an authorized user of the BCU103. In some preferred embodiments the BCU 103 may be able to performcryptographic functions that are not biometrically authorized, usingcryptographic keys that do not correspond to an authorized user of theBCU 103, with said cryptographic keys in some embodiments beinginternally generated within the BCU 103 and in some embodiments beingsupplied externally. Obviously, when the BCU 103 is not biometricallyauthorized to undertake cryptographic operations it will not be able togenerate biometrically tagged information corresponding to an authorizeduser of the BCU 103 and will not be able to read incoming informationthat is biometrically tagged for an authorized user of the BCU 103,since either operation requires the use of internally generated privatecryptographic keys, Kpv, corresponding to said authorized user, which inturn requires biometric authorization by said authorized user.

Preferably, but not necessarily, biometric authorization by anauthorized user of the BCU 103 for biometric tagging and otherbiometrically associated cryptographic processes may be optional orselectively triggered in the BCU 103. Non-limiting examples of theselective use of biometric authorization of the BCU 103 are nowprovided.

-   -   Biometric authorization of the BCU 103 may be at an authorized        user's discretion, depending on whether said authorized user        wishes to biometrically tag information or read incoming        biometrically tagged information.    -   A request for biometric authorization by a specific authorized        user of the BCU 103 may be automatically triggered by the BCU        103, thereby generating a request for biometric input from said        authorized user, depending on characteristics of the information        being input to the BCU 103—for example:        -   biometrically tagged incoming information may automatically            trigger the BCU 103 to request biometric authorization by            the intended recipient in order that the incoming            information can be cryptographically processed and read;        -   some types of information input to the BCU 103 from the            information processing and information storage functions 108            may be configured to require biometric authorization by a            specific authorized user of the BCU 103 for a specific            cryptographic operation, in turn requiring positive            biometric identification of said specific authorized user,            prior to said information being transferred to the            communications unit 110 for transfer to an external device.

Managing the Public Keys Kpb

As described above, the public keys Kpb generated by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 in BCU 103 and corresponding to authorizedusers of the BCU 103 are released publicly for use by external devicesand other people in communicating with authorized users of the BCU 103.However, an issue that is common to all systems using public/private keycryptography is that the public key values must be verifiable by anexternal device or other person. In other words, for a first device anda second device to exchange encrypted information in a manner thatrequires the public key of the second device to be used, the firstdevice must be able to obtain a verified public key value for the seconddevice. There are various established methods that can be employed forpublic key verification. For example, a certificate authoritymethodology could be used, in a manner similar to that for verificationof public keys in commercial internet transactions. Another approach isto use a trusted ring, as is used in the PGP system of cryptography. Yetanother method is to use secure, trusted point-to-point communicationslinks to transfer the public key values between sender and recipient. Itshould be appreciated that a public key verification methodology of sometype must be employed. Public key distribution and management isdiscussed in more detail below, and a preferred method is described,based on the use of one or more so-called public key repositories.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention the key pairsKpv/Kpb may be updated from time to time. This is usually done forsecurity reasons, to minimize the chance of the private keys Kpv beingdetermined and used fraudulently. In some embodiments each key pairKpv/Kpb may be used only once and then replaced (so-called one-timekeys). As discussed herein, the key pairs Kpv/Kpb associated with anauthorized user of the BCU 103 are preferably generated by thecryptographic processing functions 107 within the BCU 103, with theprivate keys Kpv retained secretly within the BCU 103 and the publickeys Kpb released publicly. Whatever methodology is used for verifyingpublic keys, it must be able to keep track of updated public key values.When a new key pair Kpv/Kpb^(new) is generated, the new public keyKpb^(new) will be released and registered with the key verificationmethodology. Registration of a new public key must link the new publickey securely with the public key that it replaces. This can be doneusing techniques described below.

Biometric Identification of a User to an External Device

Preferred methods by which the BCU 103 may be used to biometricallyidentify an authorized user 101 of BCU 103 to an external device 102that is part of a network 300—known herein as a network device 102—areillustrated schematically in FIG. 2. It should be appreciated that theembodiments of FIG. 2 are non-limiting examples, and that other methodsmay be employed to achieve the same objective, all based on thebiometric-to-cryptographic techniques described herein in relation tothe BCU 103. In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2 the asymmetriccryptographic key pairs generated by the BCU 103 and dedicated to theauthorized user 101 are the key pairs K1 pv/K1 pb and K2 pv/K2 pb, asdescribed in relation to the preferred embodiment of FIG. 1.

In the preferred embodiments of FIG. 2, and in general in the otherpreferred embodiments described herein, the PID 100 and the networkdevice 102 are assumed to be part of a larger network 300. The network300 may, for example, be the internet. In this configuration theverified public key values are assumed to be made available to anydevice on the network 300 via a public key repository 301 that is alsopart of the network 300. The public key repository 301 stores verifiedpublic key values and keeps track of public key values as they areupdated. Biometrically associated public keys correspond to authorizedusers of BCU's that are part of the network 300, so the public keyrepository 301 may also store other personal information correspondingto each public key value—i.e. corresponding to each authorized user ofeach BCU that is part of the network 300. The public key repository 301may be a single repository on the network 300 or may be made up of anumber of interconnected repositories on the network 300. In FIG. 2 andin other preferred embodiments described herein the public keyrepository 301 is illustrated as a single repository. In some respectsthis public key repository approach is similar to the certificateauthority methodology used to validate public key values on theinternet, although it differs from the certificate authority methodologyin that to obtain a verified public key value a user on the network 300must go to the public key repository 301. In some of the preferredembodiments described herein the public key values, Kpb, may be updatedat random or unscheduled times that are not known at the time the publickey Kpb is made public, and in such embodiments it is not feasible toprovide public key values by means of digital certificates circulatingon the network 300, since a digital certificate usually includes arevocation or expiration date/time for the public key that itrepresents.

The objective of the techniques illustrated and described in relation toFIG. 2 is to use the BCU 103 to biometrically identify an authorizeduser 101 of BCU 103 to a network device 102 without the BCU 103releasing any of the biometric information, of the authorized user 101.In the embodiment of FIG. 2 the network device 102 is part of thenetwork 300 of which the BCU 103 (in PID 100) is also a part. Thegeneral configuration is illustrated schematically in FIG. 2( a), whichshows a user 101 using a PID 100 that is part of the network 300. Thepublic key repository 301 is also part of the network 300 to which thePID 100 and network device 102 are connected. As described above, inthis embodiment the public key repository 301 is a source of verifiedpublic key values, Kpb(ver), for devices on the network 300. The publickey repository 301 keeps track of public key values as they are updated.

Non-limiting embodiments of methods for providing secure biometricidentification of an authorized user 101 to a network device 102 bymeans of the BCU 103 in PID 100 are now described in relation to theschematic illustrations of FIGS. 2( b) and 2(c). In particular, twodifferent scenarios are described.

In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2( b) the BCU 103 in PID 100 uses akey pair K1 pb/K1 pv that is internally generated within the BCU 103 andthat corresponds to an authorized user 101, where K1 pb is a publicencryption key and K1 pv is the corresponding private decryption keyretained secretly within the BCU 103. It should be noted that theimportant aspects of the biometrically associated information exchangesrelating to the biometric identification process are described below andillustrated schematically in FIG. 2( b), but that not all of theinformation exchanges or information processing functions arenecessarily described or illustrated. The key steps involved are nowdescribed.

-   -   1. The BCU 103 in PID 100 sends to the network device 102        identifying information pertaining to the PID 100 and authorized        user 101, which information may include the public key K1 pb        dedicated to the authorized user 101 and/or other information        identifying the authorized user 101. This amounts to the PID 100        indicating to the network device 102 its identity and that the        authorized user 101 is requesting to initiate an action. Before        taking any action the network device 102 must first confirm that        the PID 100 is legitimate and the authorized user 101 is        actually using the BCU 103 in PID 100.    -   2. The network device 102 accepts said identifying information        (which may include the public key K1 pb) but does not use it        directly, since it must first verify that the key value K1 pb is        genuine. The network device 102 verifies the public key value K1        pb by obtaining a verified key value, K1 pb(ver), for authorized        user 101 from the public key repository 301. The verified key        value K1 pb(ver) should be the same as the key value K1 pb        provided by the PID 100. Verification of the public key K1 pb        establishes that the key corresponds to a legitimate BCU 103 and        more specifically that the key corresponds to authorized user        101. Other information regarding the BCU 103 or PID 100 or        authorized user 101 may also be confirmed or retrieved from the        public key repository 301 in the process of verifying the key K1        pb, depending on the details of the key verification process. If        the public key value K1 pb received by the network device 102        from the PID 100 cannot be verified then the process stops. The        network device 102 next verifies that the PID 100 from which it        received the public key K1 pb is actually the device that it        claims to be and that it is being used by authorized user 101.        It does this by testing whether the BCU 103 in PID 100 is able        to use the (secret) private decryption key K1 pv corresponding        to the verified public key K1 pb(ver), thereby also determining        whether authorized user 101 is using the BCU 103.    -   3. The network device 102 generates a message M1 that        incorporates test data TD1 and a public encryption key KNpb        corresponding to the network device 102—i.e. M1=(TD1+KNpb). The        public encryption key KNpb corresponds to a unique key pair        KNpb/KNpv dedicated to the network device 102. The key KNpv is a        private decryption key retained secretly by the network device        102, while the public encryption key KNpb is released publicly.        The network device 102 encrypts the message M1 using the        verified public key K1 pb(ver) to generate encrypted data [M1]K1        pb(ver). The network device 102 then transmits the encrypted        message [M1]K1 pb(ver) to the PID 100.    -   4. The PID 100 receives the encrypted data [M1]K1 pb(ver), but        cannot decrypt it without obtaining biometric authorization for        the decryption process from authorized user 101, which biometric        authorization includes positively biometrically identifying        authorized user 101 to whom the private decryption key K1 pv        corresponds. The BCU 103 in PID 100 gathers biometric        information 105 from the user 101 and, based on said biometric        information 105, determines whether the user 101 is authorized        user 101 of the BCU 103. If the user 101 is determined to be        authorized user 101 of the BCU 103, then steps 5 and following        (below) are undertaken. If the BCU 103 is unable to determine        that the user 101 is an authorized user, then the BCU 103 takes        no further action and the process is stopped.    -   5. Positive biometric identification of authorized user 101 by        the biometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103 is undertaken        as an integral part of authorized user 101 biometrically        authorizing the specific cryptographic operation of decrypting        of the encrypted message [M1]K1 pb(ver) by using the (secret)        private decryption key K1 pv. The BCU 103 decrypts the encrypted        data [M1]K1 pb(ver) using the (secret) private key K1 pv,        thereby retrieving the test data TD1 and public key value KNpb.        After decryption of the data [M1]K1 pb(ver) the private key K1        pv returns to its default disabled state. The BCU 103 obtains        the verified public key, KNpb(ver), for the network device 102        from the public key repository 301 and confirms that it is the        same as the received public key value, KNpb. This confirms that        the public key KNpb(ver) corresponds to a legitimate network        device 102. The BCU 103 then encrypts the test data TD1 using        the public key KNpb(ver); generating the encrypted data        [TD1]KNpb(ver), which is transmitted to the network device 102.    -   6. The network device 102 receives the encrypted message        [TD1]KNpb(ver) and decrypts it using the private key KNpv to        retrieve test data TD1. The retrieved test data TD1 is compared        with the original test data TD1 generated by the network device        102. If the decrypted data TD1 matches the original data TD1,        then the network device 102 knows it is in communication with        the PID 100 being used by authorized user 101. This can be        concluded because the BCU 103 in PID 100 can only use the        private decryption key K1 pv if the BCU 103 has positively        biometrically identified authorized user 101.

In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2( c) the BCU 103 in PID 100 uses akey pair K2 pv/K2 pb that is internally generated within the BCU 103 andthat corresponds to an authorized user 101, where K2 pv is a privateencryption key that is retained secretly within the BCU 103 and K2 pb isthe corresponding public decryption key. It should be noted that theimportant aspects of the biometrically associated information exchangesrelating to the biometric identification process are described below andillustrated schematically in FIG. 2( c), but that not all of theinformation exchanges or information processing functions arenecessarily described or illustrated. The key steps involved are nowdescribed.

-   -   1. The PID 100 generates a message M2 that includes information        identifying authorized user 101, said information preferably        (but not necessarily) including the public decryption key K2 pb        that is dedicated to authorized user 101.    -   2. The BCU 103 needs biometric authorization from authorized        user 101 to undertake the specific cryptographic operation of        using the private encryption key K2 pv to generate a digital        signature, M2|^(DS)K2 pv, corresponding to the message M2.        Biometric authorization by authorized user 101 includes positive        biometric identification of authorized user 101. For this the        BCU 103 in PID 100 gathers biometric information 105 from        authorized user 101, from which the biometric data 105 a is        derived. The biometric data 105 a is used by the biometric        processing functions 106 in BCU 103 to positively biometrically        identify authorized user 101. If authorized user 101 is not        positively biometrically identified by the biometric processing        functions 106, then the process is stopped.    -   3. Positive biometric identification of authorized user 101 is        undertaken as an integral part of authorized user 101        biometrically authorizing the specific cryptographic operation        of using the private encryption key K2 pv to generate a digital        signature, M2|^(DS)K2 pv, corresponding to the message M2. As        described above, the private key K2 pv corresponds to a unique        cryptographic key pair K2 pv/K2 pb that is dedicated to        authorized user 101 of BCU 103. Generation of the digital        signature is a well-known process that will not be described in        detail here. A typical method for generating a digital signature        corresponding to the message M2 involves using a hash function        to generate a hash value for the message M2, which hash value is        then encrypted using the private encryption key K2 pv. After        generation of the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv the private        encryption key K2 pv returns to its default disabled state.    -   4. The message M2 and digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv are then        transmitted to the network device 102. For additional security,        in some embodiments the message M2 and digital signature        M2|^(DS)K2 pv may be encrypted prior to transmission using a        public encryption key corresponding to the network device 102,        and subsequently decrypted (after reception by the network        device 102) using the corresponding private decryption key held        secretly by the network device 102.    -   5. The network device 102 accepts the message M2 plus digital        signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv, and extracts from the message M2 the        (unverified) public decryption key K2 pb and other information        identifying authorized user 101. The network device 102 verifies        the public key value K2 pb by obtaining a verified key value, K2        pb(ver), from the public key repository 301. The verified key        value K2 pb(ver) should be the same as the key value K2 pb        supplied by authorized user 101 as part of the message M2.        Verification of the public decryption key K2 pb establishes that        the key corresponds to a legitimate BCU 103 and specifically        identifies the authorized user 101 to whom the public key        corresponds, but does not confirm that this is the BCU 103 or        PID 100 from which the message M2 and digital signature        M2|^(DS)K2 pv were received. If the public key value K2 pb        received by the network device 102 cannot be verified then the        user 101 cannot be biometrically identified and the process is        stopped.    -   6. If the public key K2 pb is verified, the network device 102        then uses the verified public key value, K2 pb(ver), to        authenticate the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv. Authentication        of a digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv is a well-known process        that will not be described in detail here. One preferred method        is to decrypt the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv using the        verified public decryption key, K2 pb(ver), and compare the        decrypted digital signature with a hash value derived from the        received message M2—if there is a match then the digital        signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv is authenticated for the message M2.        Authenticating the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv confirms        that (i) the message M2 has not been modified during        transmission from the PID 100 to the network device 102,        and (ii) the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv (and therefore also        the message M2) was prepared in BCU 103 being used by authorized        user 101. The second conclusion follows since the (secret)        private encryption key K2 pv was used to generate the digital        signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv, and the private encryption key K2 pv        can be used by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU        103 only if the BCU 103 has positively biometrically identified        authorized user 101 as part of the biometric authorization by        authorized user 101 of the specific cryptographic operation of        generating the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv—hence        authenticating the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv for the        message M2 amounts to securely biometrically identifying        authorized user 101 as the sender of the message M2 via the BCU        103 (in PID 100). If the digital signature M2|^(DS)K2 pv cannot        be authenticated then it cannot be concluded that the message M2        originated in PID 100 being used by authorized user 101.

It should be noted that in the preferred embodiments of FIGS. 2( b) and2(c) authorized user 101 has been securely biometrically identified tothe network device 102 without the user 101's biometric information everbeing released from the BCU 103 in PID 100. The underlying principle isthat the network device 102 establishes that the BCU 103 is able to usea (secret) private key—either K1 pv or K2 pv—which private key can beused only if the BCU 103 in the PID 100 positively biometricallyidentifies authorized user 101 to which the private key—K1 pv or K2pv—is dedicated. It should be noted that these two preferred embodimentsare examples only, and that other methods may be used, based on the sameunderlying principles, to achieve biometric identification of anauthorized user 101 to a network device 102.

In the embodiments of FIG. 2 both the PID 100 and the network device 102are part of a network 300. In these embodiments verification of thepublic keys, Kpb, is carried out by means of a public key directory 301,which is also part of the network 300 and which can therefore beaccessed by both the PID 100 and the network device 102. The public keydirectory 301 is a repository of verified public key values that can beaccessed by any device that is part of the network 300.

It should be appreciated that there may also be a need for the PID 100to securely identify the network device 102 before information exchangebetween the PID 100 and network device 102 takes place. If so, this canbe done using techniques that are in essence the reciprocal of thetechniques described above in relation to FIG. 2, involving use by thenetwork device 102 of public/private cryptographic key pairs dedicatedto said network device 102, with the private keys retained secretly bythe network device 102 and the public keys released publicly andavailable to the BCU 103 in PID 100 via the public key repository 301.Preferred embodiments are described below in which information isexchanged between the PID 100 and the network device 102 while at thesame time biometrically identifying authorized user 101 and securelyidentifying the network device 102.

Updating Key Pairs and Uploading New Public Key Values to the Public KeyRepository 301

As discussed above, the BCU 103 in PID 100 may generate new key pairsKpv/Kpb for an authorized user 101 of BCU 103 from time to time, witheach new key pair biometrically associated with authorized user 101 andreplacing a corresponding currently used key pair. Key pairs forauthorized user 101 of BCU 103 may be updated by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 in the BCU 103 from time to time—randomly, oraccording to a schedule or formula, or even after each use. The (secret)private key, Kpv, corresponding to each of the new key pairs is retainedsecretly and securely within the BCU 103, and the corresponding newpublic key, Kpb, is released publicly. In particular new public keys,Kpb, must be uploaded to the public key repository 301 in order thatthey can be verified by other devices that form part of the network 300.

In uploading a new public key, Kpb, to the public key repository 301,the public key repository 301 must validate that the new public key is alegitimate replacement for the corresponding current public key, andtherefore must validate that the new public key was generated by thecryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103 as a replacement forthe current public key. This in turn requires that the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 in BCU 103 use a current private key that isbiometrically associated with authorized user 101 in a cryptographicoperation as part of the public key uploading process, thereby verifyingthat (i) the new public key was generated by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 in BCU 103, (ii) the key updating and publickey uploading processes are biometrically authorized by authorized user101 with whom the new key pair is biometrically associated, and (iii)the new public key has the same biometric association with authorizeduser 101 as the current public key that it replaces. In short, use of acurrent private key corresponding to authorized user 101 during thepublic key uploading process confirms that the new public key forauthorized user 101 is a genuine replacement for the current public key.Biometric authorization by authorized user 101 of the key uploadingprocess may be either real time biometric authorization—i.e. biometricauthorization in real time as and when the key uploading is carriedout—or biometric pre-authorization. In the description below the publickey uploading process is biometrically authorized in real time.

A non-limiting preferred method for (i) updating a key pair Kpv/Kpb thatis biometrically associated with authorized user 101 of the BCU 103,(ii) uploading the new public key, Kpb, to the public key repository301, and (iii) updating the public key Kpb in the record file forauthorized user 101 in the public key repository 301, is now described.The key pair Kpv/Kpb may be either (i) Kpv=private decryption key;Kpb=public encryption key, or (ii) Kpv=private encryption key;Kpb=public decryption key.

To facilitate the key uploading process, the key pair K2 pv/K2 pb isused, where (as elsewhere in this document) K2 pv=private encryption keyand K2 pb=public decryption key corresponding to authorized user 101.More specifically, the current key values, K2 pv ^(current) and K2 pb^(current), are used to facilitate the key uploading, as these keyvalues are already biometrically associated with authorized user 101 atthe time of the public key uploading operation, and the public key K2 pb^(current) is already retained in the record file for authorized user101 in the public key repository 301.

The key pair being updated in the following description may be any keypair corresponding to authorized user 101 of BCU 103, including the keypair K2 pv/K2 pb (i.e. the key pair being used to facilitate the publickey uploading process). Key updating may be a separate stand-aloneprocess, as in the description that follows, or may be carried out as anextension of other biometrically authorized cryptographic operationsbeing undertaken by BCU 103.

-   -   1. The cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103        generate a new key pair Kpb/Kpv^(new) corresponding to        authorized user 101, which new key pair Kpb/Kpv^(new) will        replace the current key pair Kpb/Kpv^(current) corresponding to        authorized user 101. The BCU 103 determines that the new public        key, Kpb^(new), should be uploaded to the public key repository        301.    -   2. The BCU 103 requests biometric authorization of the key        uploading process from authorized user 101, which requires        positive biometric identification of authorized user 101.    -   3. Authorized user 101 provides biometric information 105 and is        positively biometrically identified by the biometric processing        functions 106 in BCU 103. As described above, this enables use        of the current private key, K2 pv ^(current), corresponding to        authorized user 101 for the specific cryptographic operation of        uploading the new public key Kpb^(new) to the public key        repository 301, following which said private key K2 pv        ^(current) will return to its default disabled state.    -   4. The cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103        generate a message, M^(UL), that includes (i) the new public        key, Kpb^(new), and (ii) instructions to the public key        repository 301 to replace the old public key, Kpb^(current),        with the new public key, Kpb^(new) in the record file of        authorized user 101. The cryptographic processing functions 107        also use the current private key, K2 pv ^(current), to generate        a digital signature, M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv ^(current) for the        message M^(UL). Generation of a digital signature is a        well-known process and will not be described in detail here.    -   5. The message M^(UL) and digital signature, M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv        ^(current), are sent to the public key repository 301.    -   6. The public key repository 301 uses the current public key, K2        pb ^(current), which it already holds in the record file of        authorized user 101 as being biometrically associated with        authorized user 101, to authenticate the digital signature        M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv ^(current). Authentication of the digital        signature M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv ^(current) verifies that:        -   the message M^(UL) came from BCU 103, since the (secret)            private key K2 pv ^(current) was used to generate the            digital signature, and this key was generated and is            retained secretly in BCU 103;        -   the key uploading operation was biometrically authorized by            authorized user 101, since the private key K2 pv ^(current)            was used to generate the digital signature M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv            ^(current), and use of the private key K2 pv ^(current)            requires biometric authorization by authorized user 101            (which in turn requires positive biometric identification by            BCU 103 of authorized user 101); and        -   the message M^(UL) was not modified in transit between BCU            103 and the public key repository 301.    -   7. The public key repository 301 then updates the public key        Kpb^(current) by replacing it with the public key Kpb^(new) in        the record file of authorized user 101, and from the designated        start time for the new public key Kpb^(new) onwards (until the        new public key value Kpb^(new) is updated) uses Kpb^(new) to        biometrically identify authorized user 101 of BCU 103. In this        preferred embodiment the new public key Kpb^(new), and in fact        the new key pair Kpb/Kpv^(new), becomes “active” once the public        key repository 301 replaces the current public key Kpb^(current)        with the new public key Kpb^(new). (The term “active” in        relation to keys is referred to again below in terms of        management and distribution of public keys.)

It can be seen that the abovedescribed process is analogous to theembodiment of FIG. 2( c), in which the private encryption key K2 pv isused to identify authorized user 101 of BCU 103 to an external device102.

If necessary, to ensure confidentiality a public encryption keycorresponding to the public key repository 301 may be used to encrypteither (i) the message M^(UL) prior to generation of the digitalsignature M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv ^(current) (the “encrypt then sign” method),or (ii) the message M^(UL) and digital signature M^(UL)|^(DS)K2 pv^(current) (the “sign then encrypt” method) before transmission from thePID 100 to the public key repository 301, with the correspondingdecryption process being carried out at the public key repository 301using the (secret) private decryption key held by the public keyrepository 301.

It should be appreciated that other methods may be used for securelyuploading new public key values corresponding to authorized user 101 ofBCU 103, but in general uploading to the public key repository 301 of anew public key Kpb corresponding to authorized user 101 can only becarried out securely by using a current (secret) private keycorresponding to authorized user 101 in the uploading process, which inturn requires biometric authorization by authorized user 101. Use of aprivate key corresponding to authorized user 101 verifies to the publickey repository 301 that (i) the new public key originates in the BCU103, (ii) the new public key is biometrically associated with authorizeduser 101 and (iii) the key uploading process (and updating of the publickey in the public key repository) is biometrically authorized byauthorized user 101.

It should be appreciated that in some preferred embodiments a new keypair Kpb/Kpv^(new) may be generated with a pre-specified expiration orrevocation date/time, in which case the corresponding public keyKpb^(new) that is uploaded to the public key repository 301 will havesaid pre-specified expiration or revocation date/time.

It should also be appreciated that in some preferred embodiments a newkey pair Kpb/Kpv^(new) may be generated with a pre-specified (future)start date/time, in which case the corresponding public key Kpb^(new)that is uploaded to the public key repository 301 will have saidpre-specified (future) start date/time, at which start date/time thepublic key repository 301 will begin using the new public key Kpb^(new)(rather than the old or replaced public key Kpb^(current)) to identifyauthorized user 101, and the cryptographic processing functions 107 inBCU 103 will begin biometrically associating the new private keyKpv^(new) (instead of the old, or replaced, private key Kpv^(current))with authorized user 101.

The public key repository 301 in the embodiment of FIG. 2 thereforemaintains up to date public key values that can be accessed by otherpeople or devices, such as the network device 102, on the network 300.

For one-time key pairs (discussed below) the general principles are thesame as described above, but the process is different since a dedicatedsequence of one-time keys is required simply to enable a secureuploading process.

Verification of the Public Key Values—Use of a Public Key Repository,Digital Certificates and Certificate Authorities

The techniques described herein rely on public key values generated byBCU's and other devices that are part of the network 300 being madeavailable to all devices on the network 300. In the preferredembodiments described herein this is achieved through the use of apublic key repository 301, which is a repository of verified public keyvalues for all people or devices that are part of the network 300. Itshould be appreciated, however, that any of a number of methods may beused to make public keys available. Three preferred non-limiting methodsfor making public keys available are as follows.

-   -   1. The originating device for a public key may upload the public        key to a public key repository, which stores verified public key        values and which can be accessed by all users or devices on the        network. This is the preferred method described herein:    -   2. The originating device for a public key may release a        self-signed digital certificate, which is essentially a        self-signed public key value along with other identifying        information. On its own the certificate simply confirms that        that the originating device holds the private key corresponding        to the public key on the certificate, but does not verify the        public key as corresponding to an “authorized” or “certified”        device or person. Hence as in 1 above the public key value must        be verified by reference to a repository of verified public key        values (i.e. a public key repository), which is in essence        equivalent to the preferred method referred to in point 1 above        and described in detail herein.    -   3. The originating device may release a digital certificate        digitally signed by a certificate authority (CA)—the certificate        will specify the device public key(s) as certified by the CA.        (The CA methodology is the methodology used for most secured        internet transactions.) However, to be certain of the digital        certificate's authenticity a receiving device would need to        verify the CA's public key value, which may require reference to        the CA or some other repository of verified public key values.        Once again, this is analogous to the public key repository        method described herein, in that verification of the originating        device public key(s) requires reference to a source of verified        public keys. In this case the CA is interposed in the process,        which in theory makes the process simpler but in practice to be        properly secured the process is little different than the public        key repository method described herein. Furthermore, this method        does not readily allow for random or unscheduled updating of        public key values, such as is described in the preferred        embodiments herein, in which the BCU 103 may update key pairs        Kpv/Kpb corresponding to an authorized user of the BCU 103 at        times that are not scheduled beforehand—or at least not known        outside the BCU 103 beforehand. To be useful to a recipient, a        digital certificate should include an expiration or revocation        date/time, so the recipient knows whether the digital        certificate is still current. If the key pairs Kpv/Kpb are        updated at future times that are not known at the time the keys        are generated, it will not be possible to include an expiration        or revocation date/time on the digital certificate. Therefore,        the CA methodology is generally not the preferred public key        verification method for preferred embodiments in which key-pairs        are issued without a revocation or expiration date/time.

Hence it can be seen that while all three of the above techniques areconceptually equivalent, they differ in terms of their merits in thecontext of the embodiments described herein. The preferred embodimentsdescribed herein will be in terms of method 1—the use of a public keyrepository 301 from which verified public key values can be obtained.

It should be appreciated, however, that the certificate authority (CA)methodology referred to in point 3 above is feasible for public keyverification in the context of the present invention for any key pairKpv/Kpb generated by a BCU that has a known expiration or revocationdate/time at the time the public key Kpb is made public. Hence in somepreferred embodiments the network 300 may include a CA (and the use ofCA-signed digital certificates) for those key pairs Kpv/Kpb that haveknown expiration or revocation dates/times, and/or a public keyrepository 301 for those key pairs Kpv/Kpb that do not have knownexpiration or revocation dates/times (i.e. key pairs Kpv/Kpb that areupdated at random or at times that are not known beforehand outside theBCU that generates the key pairs).

Enrollment of a BCU/PID and Authorized User

As discussed above, the key pairs Kpv/Kpb generated by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 within BCU 103 corresponding to a specificauthorized user 101 may be updated from time to time, for securityreasons. The changes in public keys Kpb will need to be tracked bywhatever method is used to make public keys publicly available. In thecontext of the embodiment of FIG. 2 this means that, as described above,the public key repository 301 will need to keep track of public keyvalues as they change over time.

The issue that will now be discussed is the enrollment of a new BCU 103(and PID 100) and corresponding authorized user 101.

There are numerous methods by which the enrollment process may becarried out. One preferred method is described below, but it should beappreciated that other methods may be employed instead.

The general principle underlying the enrollment process is that a newuser 101 must initially identify himself or herself to the system at thetime of enrollment, using means other than, or in addition to, thebiometric means that will be used from that point on to biometricallyidentify said user. Subsequent biometric identification simply ensurescontinuity of identity from one identification event to the next—theinitial identification process establishes the actual, or absolute,identity. Once the initial identification of a new user 101 has beenestablished, the BCU 103 in PID 100 will be used to take biometricreadings from said new user 101 and generate a biometric template (ortemplates) for said new user 101, which biometric template (ortemplates) will be securely stored in the biometric processing functions106 in BCU 103.

The cryptographic processing functions 107 in said BCU 103 will thengenerate one or more initial cryptographic key pairs Kpb/Kpv for saiduser. These initial key pairs Kpb/Kpv are generated independently of anybiometric information corresponding to said user. The initial key pairsare then associated with user 101—now authorized user 101—in thatpositive biometric identification by the cryptographic processingfunctions 106 in BCU 103 will be a requirement for enabling use by thecryptographic processing functions 107 of the initial private keys Kpvin a specific cryptographic operation. In the default state—i.e. withoutpositive biometric identification of the associated authorized user 101in order to authorize use of a private key Kpv in a specificcryptographic operation—the private keys Kpv are disabled and cannot beused by the cryptographic processing functions 107.

The public keys, Kpb, of said initial key pairs will be securelytransmitted to the public key repository 301, along with personalinformation for authorized user 101. The public key repository 301 willfrom that time on keep track of changes to said public key values Kpb,as described herein.

An important aspect of the present invention is that enrollment of a PID100 (or BCU 103) and authorized user 101 does not involve any ofauthorized user 101's biometric information being released from the BCU103.

A preferred enrollment method will now be described in more detail inconjunction with the schematic illustrations of FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b).FIG. 3( a) is a schematic illustration of the various componentsinvolved in a preferred enrollment process, while the important aspectsof the biometrically associated information exchanges relating to theenrollment process are described below and illustrated schematically inFIG. 3( b). It should be appreciated that not all of the informationexchanges or information processing functions are necessarily describedor illustrated.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3 a PID 100 (incorporating BCU 103) isprovided in its initial state. In its initial state the BCU 103 withinPID 100 retains a pair of “set-up” cryptographic keysKpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup), which keys are generated by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 within the BCU 103 but do not correspond to aparticular user. Preferably, but not necessarily, the private key,Kpv^(setup), is an encryption key (used to create digital signatures)while the corresponding public key, Kpb^(setup), is a decryption key.During enrollment the BCU 103 within PID 100 communicates with a networkenrollment device 302 to establish the identity of BCU 103. This is doneby using the setup keys Kpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup). The network enrollmentdevice 302 has previously been provided with the public key valueKpb^(setup) via a trusted key delivery method, while the private keyKpv^(setup) is maintained secretly within the BCU 103. The networkenrollment device 302 may in some embodiments be the public keyrepository 301. The network enrollment device 302 establishes theidentity of the PID 100 by using the public key Kpb^(setup) to validatethat the BCU 103 in PID 100 retains the private key Kpv^(setup), usingmethods such as those described herein.

As described above, a new user 101 must initially identify himself orherself to the system at the time of enrollment, using means other than,or in addition to, the biometric means that will be used from that pointon to biometrically identify said user. The initial identificationinformation—which may include (for example) name, gender, date of birth,photograph, etc.—is verified and then recorded. In this preferredembodiment said initial identification information is recorded in PID100, to be combined with other information during the enrollmentprocess, as described below. Once said initial identificationinformation is recorded, the biometric sensor 104 in the BCU 103 is usedto take biometric readings from the new user 101, which biometricreadings are used by the biometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103to derive one or more biometric templates that are stored within thebiometric processing functions 106 in BCU 103 and used for subsequentbiometric identification of user 101—now authorized user 101. At no timeduring this process does any biometric information corresponding toauthorized user 101 leave the BCU 103.

The cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103 then generate oneor more initial key pairs Kpv^(initial)/Kpb^(initial) that arebiometrically associated with the biometric templates for authorizeduser 101, in the manner described above and in relation to theembodiment of FIG. 1. The initial key pairs Kpv^(initial)/Kpb^(initial)are the first key pairs that can be used to enable remote biometricidentification of authorized user 101, as described herein. As describedherein, the initial key values, Kpv^(initial) and Kpb^(initial), and allsubsequent key pairs that are biometrically associated with authorizeduser 101, are not in any way related to or derived from any biometricinformation obtained from authorized user 101—rather the initial keyvalues Kpv^(initial) and Kpb^(initial) are generated independently by akey generation function within the cryptographic processing functions107 and then associated with biometric identification of authorized user101.

The BCU 103 transmits the initial public key values, Kpb^(initial),along with said initial identification information (i.e. personalinformation) for the authorized user 101—for example the user's name,date of birth, gender, photograph, etc.—to the network enrollment device302, using a method that allows the enrollment device 302 to verify thatthe initial public key values Kpb^(initial) are being sent by thelegitimate BCU 103. For example, if the setup key pair is configuredsuch that Kpv^(setup) is a private encryption key and Kpb^(setup) is thecorresponding public decryption key, then the cryptographic processingfunctions 107 in BCU 103 may use the private setup key Kpv^(setup) todigitally sign the initial public key values, Kpb^(initial), andpersonal information for authorized user 101 prior to sending thisinformation to the network enrollment device 302. Expressed moreprecisely, the BCU 103 may generate a message M3 comprising (i) theinitial public key values, Kpb^(initial), for authorized user 101, (ii)initial identification information (i.e. personal information) regardingauthorized user 101, and (iii) instructions to associate the initialpublic key values, Kpb^(initial), and said initial identificationinformation with the public setup key, Kpb^(setup), for BCU 103, therebycompiling an enrollment file for authorized user 101 that will betransferred to the network enrollment device 302. The BCU 103 then usesthe private setup key, Kpv^(setup), to generate a digital signature,M3|^(DS)Kpv^(setup), corresponding to the message M3, and transmits boththe message M3 and digital signature M3|^(DS)Kpv^(setup) to the networkenrollment device 302. (If necessary, for confidentiality theinformation transmitted to the network enrollment device 302 may beencrypted in the BCU 103 using a public encryption key corresponding tothe network enrollment device, to be decrypted by the network enrollmentdevice 302 using the corresponding private decryption key.) The networkenrollment device 302 is able to authenticate the digital signatureM3|^(DS)Kpv^(setup) by using the public setup key, Kpb^(setup), which italready holds. Authentication of the digital signature verifies that themessage M3 originated in BCU 103 and has not been modified in transitbetween BCU 103 and the network enrollment device 302. The setup keypair Kpb^(setup)/Kpv^(setup) is then retired (i.e. not used again), butis retained in the BCU 103 as a unique identifier for BCU 103. Thenetwork enrollment device 302 may preferably assign a uniqueidentification (ID) number to authorized user 101, in which case saidunique ID number is simply a means to unambiguously specify anauthorized user, but does not provide a means of secure identification.For example, two authorized users may share the same name, but each canbe unambiguously specified by said unique ID number. Secureidentification of an authorized user 101 requires the authorized user101 to use his or her BCU 103, as described herein. The networkenrollment device 302 then compiles an initial record file forauthorized user 101, comprising message M3 and the unique ID number forauthorized user 101. The network enrollment device 302 then securelycommunicates the initial record file for authorized user 101 to thepublic key repository 301, thereby establishing a record file forauthorized user 101 in the public key repository 301.

The types of personal information stored in the record file forauthorized user 101 in the public key repository 301 may vary from userto user or from system to system, and in some systems may be at leastpartly specified by the authorized user.

After receiving from the network enrollment device 302 one or moreinitial public key values, Kpb^(initial), for authorized user 101, thepublic key repository 301 then keeps track of changes to said public keyvalues as the BCU 103 updates the key pairs Kpb/Kpv associated withauthorized user 101 and uploads the new public key values, Kpb, to thepublic key repository 301, as described herein. For each authorized user101 the public key repository 301 therefore retains a record file thatincludes personal information, a unique ID number, and current andhistorical public key values, Kpb, corresponding to said authorized user101.

It should be appreciated that during the enrollment process authorizeduser 101 provides biometric information only to the BCU 103 in his orher own PID 100 (by means of the biometric sensor 104 in BCU 103), whichBCU 103 generates biometric template(s) that are stored within the BCU103. At no stage does any of authorized user 101's biometric informationleave the BCU 103. Specifically, biometric information for authorizeduser 101 is not at any stage conveyed to the enrollment device 302 orthe public key repository 301.

Lost or Stolen PID's

Loss or theft of a PID 100 or BCU 103 (for example, if the BCU 103 is aseparate removable module) can be reported to the administratingauthority for the network 300. The public key repository 301 can thenrevoke all public key values associated with the lost or stolen BCU 103.If the lost or stolen PID (or BCU) connects to the network 300 again,the public key repository 301 or some other device on the network 300may be configured to send instructions to the BCU 103 in the lost orstolen PID 100 causing the BCU 103 to be erased or otherwise disabled.Authorized users of a lost or stolen PID 100 (or BCU 103) can re-enrolland be issued with a new PID (or BCU). It should be noted that use of alost or stolen PID (or BCU) to biometrically tag information will bevirtually impossible, since the BCU in the lost or stolen PID mustpositively biometrically identify an authorized user in order for anybiometrically associated private keys to be enabled to biometrically taginformation.

Securely Transferring Information to and from a PID or BCU

A description of preferred means by which authorized user 101 of BCU 103can be securely biometrically identified to a network device 102 isprovided above in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 2.

A description of preferred means by which information can be securelytransferred between a PID 100 (incorporating BCU 103) and a networkdevice 102, while also securely biometrically identifying authorizeduser 101 of BCU 103 and associating said biometric identification withsaid information, is now provided.

Two scenarios are considered. The first is transfer of information D1from the PID 100 to the network device 102, while the second is transferof information D2 from the network device 102 to the PID 100. In bothscenarios the information transfer requires positive biometricidentification of authorized user 101 by BCU 103.

In the descriptions that follow it is assumed that the networkconfiguration is as described in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3. Inparticular, it is assumed that both the PID 100 and the network device102 have access to the public key repository 301 in order to obtainverified public key values.

An objective of the present embodiment is to ensure that informationtransferred between the PID 100 and network device 102 is secure andthat the information transfer includes authorized user 101 of the BCU103 being positively biometrically identified. This requires that the(secret) private key, Kpv, of a key pair Kpv/Kpb generated within theBCU 103 of PID 100 and corresponding to authorized user 101 is used inthe information transfer, thereby ensuring that authorized user 101 ispositively biometrically identified by BCU 103. As for other embodimentsdescribed herein, positive biometric identification of authorized user101 to an external-device 102 is achieved without any of user 101'sbiometric information being released from BCU 103.

For the information transfers it is assumed that cryptographic key pairsare generated and used as follows.

PID 100:

-   -   Key pair K1 pv/K1 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K1 pv—private decryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K1 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available via            key source 301.    -   Key pair K2 pv/K2 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K2 pv—private encryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K2 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available via            key source 301.

Network Device 102:

-   -   Key pair KN1 pv/KN1 pb;        -   KN1 pv—private decryption key retained secretly by the            network device 102;        -   KN1 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.    -   Key pair KN2 pv/KN2 pb;        -   KN2 pv—private encryption key retained secretly by the            network device 102;        -   KN2 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.

All public keys are assumed to be available via the public keyrepository 301. As elsewhere in this document, the suffix (ver) appliedto any public key indicates a verified public key value obtained fromthe public key repository 301.

Non-limiting preferred embodiments of the processes involved in the twoinformation transfer scenarios are now described and illustratedschematically in FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b). It should be noted that only theimportant aspects of the biometrically associated information exchangesrelating to the information transfers are described below andillustrated schematically in FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b), and that not all ofthe information exchanges or information processing functions arenecessarily described or illustrated. For example, in some embodimentseach of the information exchanges described below may carry overheaddata that identifies the source and intended recipient of theinformation exchange.

It should also be appreciated that in the following description of thepreferred methods of FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) the term “authorized user 101”has a meaning different from the meaning of the term “user 101”. Theterm “user 101” refers to a generic user of PID 100, while the term“authorized user 101” refers to a specific authorized user who haspreviously been enrolled in the BCU 103 in PID 100. A function of theBCU 103 in the preferred methods of FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) is to determinebiometrically whether a generic “user 101” is in fact specific“authorized user 101”, and if so to enable use by the BCU 103 forspecific cryptographic operations of private keys generated and storedin the BCU 103 of PID 100 and corresponding to authorized user 101. Ifuser 101 is not determined to be an authorized user of the BCU 103 inPID 100, then the private keys stored in BCU 103 corresponding toauthorized users of the PID 100 will remain in their default disabledstate—i.e. will not be enabled for use by the BCU 103.

Scenario 1 (FIG. 4( a))—transfer of information D1 from the PID 100(being used by authorized user 101) to the network device 102.

-   -   1. The information processing and information storage functions        108 within the PID 100 generate data D1 that is to be        transferred to the network device 102, and said data D1 is        transferred to the BCU 103 to be cryptographically processed for        transmission to network device 102.    -   2. To undertake biometrically associated cryptographic        processing of the data D1, BCU 103 must obtain biometric        authorization from authorized user 101 for the specific        cryptographic operations set out below (which cryptographic        operations use private keys associated with authorized user        101). To do this BCU 103 gathers biometric information 105 from        the user 101 and, based on said biometric information 105,        determines whether the user 101 is an authorized user of the BCU        103. If, as part of authorized user 101 providing the required        biometric authorization for said specific cryptographic        operations, the user 101 is determined to be authorized user 101        of the BCU 103, then steps 3 and following (below) are        undertaken. If the BCU 103 is unable to determine that the user        101 is an authorized user of the BCU 103, then the BCU 103 takes        no further action and the process is stopped.    -   3. If the user 101 is determined to be authorized user 101 of        the BCU 103, then the private key K2 pv (see above)        corresponding to authorized user 101 is enabled for use by the        cryptographic processing function 107 in BCU 103 for the        specific cryptographic operation of generating a digital        signature, as described below. Following this specific        cryptographic operation the private key K2 pv will return to its        default disabled state.    -   4. The data D1 is encrypted using the key KN1 pb(ver),        generating encrypted data [D1]KN1 pb(ver)=D1 ^(E). (The key KN1        pb(ver) is obtained from the public key repository 301—not shown        in FIG. 4( a) or 4(b).) The BCU 103 also uses the private key K2        pv to generate a digital signature, D1 ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv,        corresponding to the encrypted data D1 ^(E). (Generation of a        digital signature is a well-known process that will not be        described in detail here.) Following this the private key K2 pv        returns to its default disabled state. The encrypted data D1        ^(E) and digital signature D1 ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv are then        transmitted to the network device 102.    -   5. The network device 102 accepts the encrypted data D1 ^(E) and        digital signature D1 ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv. Using the verified public        key K2 pb(ver), obtained from the public key repository 301, the        network device 102 authenticates the digital signature D1        ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv corresponding to the encrypted data D1 ^(E).        Authentication of the digital signature D1 ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv        confirms that the digital signature was generated by BCU 103        using private key K2 pv, and therefore amounts to securely        biometrically identifying authorized user 101 as the sender of        the encrypted data D1 ^(E). Authentication of the digital        signature D1 ^(E)|^(DS)K2 pv also verifies that the encrypted        data D1 ^(E) has not been modified since it was generated by the        BCU 103. The encrypted data DIE is then decrypted by the network        device 102 using the private decryption key KN1 pv, which is        retained in the network device 102, to retrieve the data D1.        Scenario 2 (FIG. 4( b))—Transfer of Information D2 from the        Network Device 102 to Authorized User 101 of the PID 100.    -   1. The network device 102 generates or accepts data D2 to be        transferred to authorized user 101 of the PID 100. The data D2        is encrypted using the public encryption key K1 pb(ver),        generating encrypted data [D2]K1 pb(ver)=D2 ^(E). (The public        encryption key K1 pb(ver) is obtained from the public key        repository 301.) The network device 102 also uses the private        encryption key KN2 pv to generate a digital signature, D2        ^(E)|^(DS)KN2 pv, corresponding to the encrypted data D2 ^(E).        (Generation of a digital signature is a well-known process that        will not be described in detail here.) The encrypted data D2        ^(E) and digital signature D2 ^(E)|^(DS)KN2 pv are then        transmitted to the PID 100.    -   2. The BCU 103 in PID 100 receives the encrypted data D2 ^(E)        and digital signature D2 ^(E)|^(DS)KN2 pv. Processing of the        received information by the BCU 103 requires biometric        authorization by authorized user 101 (which in turn requires        positive biometric identification of authorized user 101) to        enable the private key K1 pv for the specific cryptographic        operation of decrypting the encrypted data D2 ^(E), following        which the private key K1 pv returns to its default disabled        state.    -   3. The BCU 103 in PID 100 gathers biometric information 105 from        the user 101 and, based on said biometric information 105,        determines whether the user 101 is authorized user 101 of the        BCU 103. If, as part of authorized user 101 providing biometric        authorization for the specific cryptographic operation of        decrypting the encrypted data D2 ^(E), the user 101 is        determined to be authorized user 101 of the PID 100, then steps        4 and following (below) are undertaken. If the BCU 103 is unable        to determine that the user 101 is authorized user 101 of the BCU        103, then the PID 100 takes no further action and the received        information is not processed.    -   4. If the user 101 is determined to be authorized user 101 of        the BCU 103, then the private key K1 pv (see above),        corresponding to authorized user 101 of the BCU 103, is enabled        for use by the cryptographic processing functions 107 for the        specific cryptographic operation of decrypting the encrypted        data D2 ^(E), following which the private key K1 pv returns to        its default disabled state.    -   5. Using the verified public key, KN2 pb(ver), obtained from        public key repository 301, the cryptographic processing        functions 107 in BCU 103 authenticate the digital signature D2        ^(E)|^(DS)KN2 pv corresponding to the encrypted data D2 ^(E).        Authentication of the digital signature D2 ^(E)|^(DS)KN2 pv        confirms that the digital signature was generated by network        device 102 using private key KN2 pv, and that the encrypted data        D2 ^(E) has not been modified since it was generated by the        network device 102. The encrypted data D2 ^(E) is then decrypted        by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103, using        the private decryption key K1 pv, to retrieve the data D2,        following which the private key K1 pv returns to its default        disabled state. Thus the information D2 cannot be read by the        BCU 103 unless the private key K1 pv is enabled, which requires        positive biometric identification by the biometric processing        functions 106 in BCU 103 of authorized user 101. In both        scenarios 1 and 2 above it can be seen that a (secret) private        cryptographic key, K1 pv or K2 pv, corresponding to authorized        user 101 of the BCU 103 is required to complete the information        transfer, thereby requiring positive biometric identification by        the BCU 103 of authorized user 101. Also, both data D1 and data        D2 are encrypted while in transit, thereby ensuring in both        scenarios 1 and 2 that the message data is confidential—i.e. it        cannot be interpreted if intercepted by a third party.

It should be appreciated that the above information transfer methods arepreferred embodiments only, and that other methods may be used instead.For example, while the above methods can be regarded as “encrypt thensign” methods, it should be appreciated that equivalent “sign thenencrypt” methods could be used and that the “sign then encrypt” methodswould be equally effective in requiring positive biometricidentification by the BCU 103 of authorized user 101 in order tocomplete the information transfers.

Further, it should be appreciated that the network device 102 is able toestablish or ensure positive biometric identification of authorized user101 of BCU 103 without any of authorized user 101's biometricinformation being released from BCU 103 in PID 100.

Transfer of Information Between Two PID's

A situation is now described in which a specific authorized user 101 ofa PID 100 sends data D3 to a specific authorized user 501 of PID 500.The PID 500 incorporates a BCU 503 that is similar to the BCU 103. BothPID 100 and PID 500 are part of the network 300 and therefore haveconnection to the public key repository 301. This situation isillustrated schematically in FIG. 5( a). Authorized user 101 needs totransmit information to authorized user 501, but needs to be sure thatonly authorized user 501 can read the transmitted information, whileauthorized user 501 needs to be able to confirm that the information wastransmitted by authorized user 101. Authorized user 101 requires thathis/her biometric information is not released from BCU 103, whileauthorized user 503 requires that his/her biometric information is notreleased from BCU 503.

For the transfer of data D3 it is assumed that cryptographic key pairsare generated and used as follows.

PID 100:

-   -   Key pair K11 pv/K11 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K11 pv—private decryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K11 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.    -   Key pair K12 pv/K12 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K12 pv—private encryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K12 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.

PID 500:

-   -   Key pair K51 pv/K51 pb generated within the BCU 503 and        corresponding to the authorized user 501;        -   K51 pv—private decryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 503;        -   K51 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.    -   Key pair K52 pv/K52 pb generated within the BCU 503 and        corresponding to the authorized user 501;        -   K52 pv—private encryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 503;        -   K52 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.

All public keys are assumed to be available via the public keyrepository 301. As elsewhere in this document, the suffix (ver) appliedto any public key indicates that the key was obtained from the publickey repository 301.

An objective of the present embodiment is to ensure that data D3transferred from authorized user 101 using PID 100 to authorized user501 using PID 500 is secure and that completion of the informationtransfer involves both (i) authorized user 101 being positivelybiometrically identified by the BCU 103 in PID 100, and (ii) authorizeduser 501 being positively biometrically identified by the BCU 503 in PID500. This requires that both (i) a (secret) private key K1 pv generatedwithin the BCU 103 and corresponding to the authorized user 101, and(ii) a (secret) private key K5 pv generated within the BCU 503 andcorresponding to the authorized user 501 are used in the informationtransfer, thereby requiring positive biometric identification of bothauthorized user 101 and authorized user 501.

A preferred method for transferring the information D3 from authorizeduser 101 of PID 100 to authorized user 501 of PID 500 is now described.The processes involved in the information transfer are illustratedschematically in FIG. 5( b). It should be noted that only the importantaspects of the biometrically associated information exchanges relatingto the information transfer are described below and illustratedschematically in FIG. 5( b), and that not all of the informationexchanges or information processing functions are necessarily describedor illustrated. In particular, in some embodiments each of theinformation exchanges described below may carry overhead data thatidentifies the source and intended recipient of the informationexchange.

It should be appreciated that the preferred method described below inrelation to FIG. 5( b) is a non-limiting example—other methods may beused instead, based on the principles described herein.

It should also be appreciated that in the following description of thepreferred method of FIG. 5( b) the term “authorized user 101” has ameaning different from the meaning of the term “user 101”. The term“user 101” refers to a generic user of BCU 103, while the term“authorized user 101” refers to a specific authorized user who haspreviously been enrolled in the BCU 103. A function of the BCU 103 inthe preferred method of FIG. 5( b) is to determine biometrically whethergeneric “user 101” is in fact specific “authorized user 101”, and if soto enable use by the cryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103of private keys, generated and stored in the BCU 103 and correspondingto authorized user 101, for specific cryptographic operations, followingwhich operations said private keys will return to their default disabledstate. If user 101 is not biometrically determined to be an authorizeduser of the BCU 103, then the private keys stored in BCU 103corresponding to authorized users of the BCU 103 will not be enabled foruse by the BCU 103. Similarly, it should be appreciated that in thefollowing description of the preferred method of FIG. 5( b) the term“authorized user 501” has a meaning different from the meaning of theterm “user 501”. The term “user 501” refers to a generic user of BCU503, while the term “authorized user 501” refers to a specificauthorized user who has previously been enrolled in the BCU 503. Afunction of the BCU 503 in the preferred method of FIG. 5( b) is todetermine biometrically whether generic “user 501” is in fact specific“authorized user 501”, and if so to enable use by the cryptographicprocessing functions in BCU 503 of private keys, generated and stored inthe BCU 503 and corresponding to authorized user 501, for specificcryptographic operations, following which operations said private keyswill return to their default disabled state. If user 501 is notbiometrically determined to be an authorized user of the BCU 503, thenthe private keys stored in BCU 503 corresponding to authorized users ofthe BCU 503 will not be enabled for use by the BCU 503.

Steps in the transfer of information D3 from authorized user 101 of BCU103 (in PID 100) to authorized user 501 of BCU 503 (in PID 500):

-   -   1. Authorized user 101 must obtain public keys for authorized        user 501 in order to complete the information transfer while        adhering to the biometric identification conditions described        above. The public keys for authorized user 501 can be obtained        from the public key repository 301 (not shown in FIG. 5( b)), as        long as authorized user 101 has some way of identifying        authorized user 501 to the public key repository 301. In one        preferred embodiment the public key repository 301 may act as a        “user directory”, allowing anyone on the network 300 to look up        authorized users on the network 300 in order to obtain their        public keys, in a manner similar to looking up numbers in a        telephone listing. In this sense the public key values        corresponding to an authorized user of a BCU (or PID) are        analogous to a telephone number or e-mail address for said        authorized user, with the added benefit in this case that said        public keys allow biometric identification of said authorized        user. Some authorized users may prefer to restrict the        availability of their public keys to a limited circle of users        on the network 300. It is assumed that authorized user 101 is        able to obtain public keys corresponding to authorized user 501.    -   2. The information processing and information storage functions        108 within the PID 100 generate data D3 that is to be        transferred from authorized user 101 of PID 100 to authorized        user 501 of PID 500, and said data D3 is transferred to the BCU        103.    -   3. To undertake biometrically associated cryptographic        processing of the data D3, BCU 103 must obtain biometric        authorization from authorized user 101 for the specific        cryptographic operations set out below (which cryptographic        operations use private keys associated with authorized user        101). To do this BCU 103 gathers biometric information 105 from        the user 101 as part of said biometric authorization process        and, based on said biometric information 105, determines whether        the user 101 is authorized user 101 of the BCU 103. If the user        101 is determined to be authorized user 101 of the BCU 103, then        steps 4 and following (below) are undertaken. If the BCU 103 is        unable to determine that the user 101 is an authorized user of        the BCU 103, then the BCU 103 takes no further action and the        process is stopped.    -   4. If the user 101 is determined to be authorized user 101 of        the BCU 103, then the private key K12 pv (see above),        corresponding to authorized user 101, is enabled for use by the        BCU 103 for the specific cryptographic operation of generating a        digital signature, as described below. Following this specific        cryptographic operation the private key K12 pv will return to        its default disabled state.    -   5. The data D3 is encrypted with the public encryption key K51        pb(ver), which is obtained from the public key repository 301,        generating encrypted data [D3]K51 pb(ver)=D3 ^(E). The BCU 103        then uses the private key K12 pv to generate a digital        signature, D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv, corresponding to the encrypted        data D3 ^(E), following which the private key K12 pv returns to        its default disabled state. (Generation of a digital signature        is a well-known process that will not be described in detail        here.) The encrypted data D3 ^(E) and digital signature D3        ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv are then transmitted to the PID 500.    -   6. The PID 500 receives the encrypted data D3 ^(E) and digital        signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv, but cannot process the received        information until the appropriate private key in BCU 503 is        enabled by authorized user 501.    -   7. Using the verified public key, K12 pb(ver), the BCU 503        authenticates the digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv        corresponding to the encrypted data D3 ^(E). Authentication of        the digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv confirms that the        digital signature was generated by BCU 103 using private key K12        pv, and therefore amounts to positively biometrically        identifying authorized user 101 of BCU 103 as the sender of the        encrypted data D3 ^(E). Authentication of the digital signature        D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv also verifies that the encrypted data D3        ^(E) has not been modified since it was generated by the BCU        103.    -   8. The BCU 503 must next obtain biometric authorization from        authorized user 501 for the specific cryptographic operation of        decrypting the encrypted data D3 ^(E). This requires positive        biometric identification of authorized user 501. To do this BCU        503 gathers biometric information from the user 501 and, based        on said biometric information, determines whether the user 501        is authorized user 501 of the BCU 503. If the user 501 is        determined to be authorized user 501 of the BCU 503, then steps        9 and following (below) are undertaken. If the BCU 503 is unable        to determine that the user 501 is an authorized user of the BCU        503, then the BCU 503 takes no further action and the received        encrypted data D3 ^(E) cannot be decrypted.    -   9. If the user 501 is determined to be authorized user 501 of        the BCU 503, then the private key K51 pv (see above),        corresponding to authorized user 501, is enabled for use by the        BCU 503 for the specific cryptographic operation of decrypting        the encrypted data D3 ^(E), following which the private key K1        pv will return to its default disabled state.    -   10. The encrypted data D3 ^(E) is then decrypted by the BCU 503        using the private decryption key K51 pv, thereby retrieving the        data D3, following which the private key K51 pv returns to its        default disabled state.

In the scenario described above a (secret) private cryptographic key,K12 pv, corresponding to authorized user 101 of the BCU 103 is requiredto complete the information transfer, thereby requiring positivebiometric identification by the BCU 103 of authorized user 101.Similarly, a (secret) private cryptographic key, K51 pv, correspondingto authorized user 501 of the BCU 503 is required to complete theinformation transfer, thereby requiring positive biometricidentification by the BCU 503 of authorized user 501. Also, the data D3is encrypted while in transit from the PID 100 to the PID 500, therebyensuring that the data D3 is confidential while in transit—i.e. itcannot be interpreted if intercepted by a third party, and can only beread by authorized user 501 of BCU 503.

It should be appreciated that the information transfer method describedabove in relation to FIG. 5 is a preferred embodiment only, and thatother methods may be used instead. For example, while the above methodcan be regarded as an “encrypt then sign” method, it should beappreciated that an equivalent “sign then encrypt” method could be usedand that the “sign then encrypt” method would be equally effective inrequiring secure biometric identification by the BCU 103 of authorizeduser 101 and by the BCU 503 of authorized user 501 in order to completethe transfer of the data D3.

Obviously, authorized user 501 of PID 500 is able to use a reciprocalprocess to transfer information to authorized user 101 of PID 100, withthe information so transferred being biometrically tagged and encryptedwhile in transit, as described above.

Management and Distribution of Public Key Values

The scenario described in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 5 will nowbe considered in more detail, to examine the requirements fordistributing and managing public keys Kpb.

Preferably a timestamp T1 may be attached to, or associated with, thepublic encryption key K51 pb(ver) by the public key repository 301 whenthe key K51 pb(ver) is downloaded from the public key repository 301 tothe BCU 103, said timestamp T1 indicating the time at which the publickey K51 pb(ver) is identified by the public key repository 301 fordownloading to the BCU 103. The BCU 103 will then use the value of theprivate encryption key, K12 pv, that was valid at time T1 forpreparation of the digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv. Preferably theBCU 103 will then combine the timestamp T1 with the encrypted data D3^(E). The timestamp T1 will in one preferred embodiment be available inan unencrypted form so that it can be read by the BCU 503 without theneed for any cryptographic processing. The timestamp T1 is preferablysecured by being incorporated into the data from which the digitalsignature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv is derived, which digital signature isgenerated using the private key K12 pv.

Hence for the situation described in relation to FIG. 5, in oneembodiment the data transferred by authorized user 101 (using PID 100)to authorized user 501 (using PID 500) may be represented as D3^(E/T1)+D3 ^(E/T1)|^(DS)K12 pv ^(T1); where:

-   -   D3 ^(E/T1)=[D3]K51 pb(ver)^(T1)+T1    -   K51 pb(ver)^(T1) is the active value of the key K51 pb(ver) at        time T1, as obtained from the public key repository 301    -   K12 pv ^(T1) is the active value of the key K12 pv at time T1,        as obtained from the BCU 103

In some embodiments a second timestamp, T1 a, may also be combined withthe encrypted data D3 ^(E), indicating the time at which the encrypteddata D3 ^(E) and digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv were prepared fortransmission to authorized user 501 of BCU 503. This will allowauthorized user 501 to determine when the encrypted data D3 ^(E) anddigital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv were prepared, and whether theencrypted data D3 ^(E) and digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv wereprepared using encryption keys that were old—i.e. encryption keys thatwere updated between time T1 and time T1 a.

The encrypted data D3 ^(E) and digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv arereceived by the PID 500 and read by authorized user 501 of PID 500 at alater time T2. The time difference between time T1 and time T2 may occurfor any of a number of reasons.

For example, the PID 500 may be turned off for a time, or the user 501may not check the PID 500 for some time, as occurs with e-mail and othermessaging systems. There may in some cases be a considerable timedifference between T1 and T2, and the asymmetric key pairs Kpv/Kpb inBCU 103 corresponding to authorized user 101 and/or in BCU 503corresponding to authorized user 501 may have been updated between timeT1 and time T2, while on the other hand the encrypted data D3 ^(E) anddigital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv are biometrically tagged for boththe sender 101 and recipient 501 using cryptographic keys that wereactive at time T1. Authorized user 501 of PID 500 will only be able toauthenticate the digital signature D3 ^(E)|^(DS)K12 pv and read theencrypted data D3 ^(E) by using key values that were active at time T1.This can be achieved as follows.

Firstly, each PID on the network 300 will preferably retain in its BCU ahistory of its own key pairs, along with the active time window for eachkey pair (see above for a definition of active time window).

Secondly, the public key repository 301 will preferably retain a historyof all public keys used on the network 300, along with the correspondingactive time window and associated authorized user information (describedabove) for each public key.

Hence the PID 500 and authorized user 501, on receiving encrypted dataD3 ^(E/T1) (incorporating timestamp T1) and digital signature D3^(E/T1)|^(DS)K12 pv ^(T1), will be able to determine from records withinthe BCU 503 the public and private keys corresponding to user 501 thatwere active at time T1. Similarly, the BCU 503 will be able to obtainfrom the public key repository 301 the public keys for authorized user101 using BCU 103 that were active at time T1. Hence the authorized user501, using PID 500, will be able to use key values that were active attime T1 to authenticate the digital signature D3 ^(E/T1)|^(DS)K12 pv^(T1) and read the encrypted data D3 ^(E/T1) received from PID 100.

Hence it can be concluded that for those systems in which the key pairsKpv/Kpb are updated from time to time, the following features arepreferred:

-   -   a secure timestamp T1 should be incorporated into each message        that is biometrically tagged for transmission to another device;    -   each device (BCU, PID or other type of device) on the network        should retain a history of its own asymmetric key pairs, along        with the active time window for each key pair;    -   the public key repository 301 should retain a history of public        keys for all devices that are part of the network 300, along        with the active time window for each such public key.

The inclusion of these features will enable the authentication andreading of biometrically tagged information even when such informationis authenticated and read at a time significantly later than the time atwhich it was generated.

Use of the Public Key Repository to Identify Authorized Users on aNetwork

The public key repository 301 may be used as a directory, allowing anauthorized user on the network 300 to search the public key repository301 for another specific authorized user on the network 300 and obtainpublic key values for said other specific authorized user, therebyenabling biometrically authenticated communications with said otherspecific authorized user.

As described above, for each authorized user on the network 300 thepublic key repository 301 will preferably store:

-   -   a unique identification (ID) number;    -   personal information—such as (for example) name, date-of birth,        gender, photograph;    -   current and historical public key values, along with the active        time window for each public key.

The unique ID for each authorized user, which is assigned at the time ofenrollment (as described above), will preferably not change and istherefore analogous to a personal telephone number or e-mail address.The unique ID number is simply a means to unambiguously specify anauthorized user, but does not provide a means of secure identification.

The personal information will be recorded at the time of enrollment andin some systems will remain fixed. Some systems may allow updating ofcertain types of personal information, provided the correspondingauthorized user is biometrically identified during the updating process,but the basic personal information will preferably remain fixed.

As described herein, the public key values corresponding to anauthorized user may be updated from time to time and are therefore notconstant. The updating of key pairs corresponding to an authorized useris preferably transparent to said authorized user (other than for saidauthorized user providing biometric authorization for said uploading),and uploading of new public keys is preferably carried out as describedherein.

An authorized user 101 using PID 100 wanting to contact anotherauthorized user 501 using PID 500, with both users being part of thenetwork 300, may do so via the following procedure.

-   -   The authorized user 101 may use PID 100 to contact the public        key repository 301 and search the public key repository 301 for        authorized user 501, using user 501's unique ID and/or personal        information as search parameters.    -   Once the authorized user 501 has been found in the database of        the public key repository 301, the public key repository 301        will provide to BCU 103 in PID 100 the current public key values        for authorized user 501 (preferably with timestamp T1, as        described above).    -   After obtaining biometric authorization from authorized user 101        (which includes positively biometrically identifying authorized        user 101), the BCU 103 in PID 100 is able to use the required        private keys corresponding to authorized user 101 along with the        current public key values for user 501 to undertake        biometrically authenticated communication with user 501, as        described above in relation to FIG. 5.

In processing a biometrically tagged message received from authorizeduser 101 using PID 100, authorized user 501 using PID 500 will gothrough similar procedures to recover authorized user 101's public keyvalues and to enable his or her own key pairs (within BCU 503), but inthis case the key values will be those that were active at the timecorresponding to timestamp T1 in said received message, as describedabove.

The public key repository 301 therefore acts as a directory ofauthorized users on the network 300, allowing each authorized user onthe network 300 to search the public key repository 301 for any otherauthorized user—using said other user's unique ID number and/or personalinformation as search parameters—and obtain said other authorized user'scurrent or historical public key values, thereby enabling biometricallyauthenticated communication with said other authorized user.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an example of user informationthat may be retained in the BCU 103 of PID 100 (FIG. 6( a)) and in thepublic key repository 301 (FIG. 6( b)).

FIG. 6( a) illustrates schematically information that may be stored inthe BCU 103 of the PID 100 corresponding to authorized user 101. In thisexample said information includes the following personal information:unique user identification number, user name, date of birth and gender.As illustrated schematically in FIG. 6( a), also stored in the BCU 103are the current asymmetric cryptographic key pairs corresponding toauthorized user 101 and the historical key pair values, along withactive time window information for each key pair. As described herein,the private keys of said cryptographic key pairs for authorized user 101are enabled for a specific cryptographic operation by the cryptographicprocessing functions 107 in BCU 103 only if authorized user 101 providesbiometric authorization (which includes authorized user 101 beingpositively biometrically identified by the BCU 103). It should beappreciated that the BCU 103 may store similar information for otherauthorized users of the PID 100.

FIG. 6( b) illustrates schematically the information that may be storedin the public key repository 301 corresponding to each authorized useron the network 300. Each authorized user on the network 300 will have aninformation file, or record file, in the public key repository 301. Theinformation file 601, which is illustrated schematically in detail onthe left hand side of FIG. 6( b), is an example of an information filethat in this case corresponds to authorized user 101. Similarinformation files will be maintained in the public key repository 301for each authorized user on the network 300. In this example theinformation file 601 for authorized user 101 includes the followingpersonal information: unique user identification number, user name, dateof birth and gender. Also stored in the information file 601 are thecurrent public key values corresponding to authorized user 101 and thehistorical public key values, along with active time window informationfor each public key.

The information file 601 is analogous to the digital certificatescurrently used in internet transactions, and in some embodiments each ofthe information files in the public key repository 301 may be digitallysigned using a private key retained by the public key repository 301 andreleased as a digital certificate that can be verified using thecorresponding public key that is available from the public keyrepository 301.

To provide a more specific example, if the key pairs generated by theBCU in a PID—for example, the BCU 103 in PID 100 or the BCU 503 in PID500—have a specified expiration data or revocation date at the time theyare generated, then it is feasible and may even be preferable for theinformation files (such as the information file 601) corresponding toauthorized users on the network 300 to be prepared as digitalcertificates and allowed to circulate throughout the network 300. In oneembodiment such digital certificates may be self-signed by therespective authorized user's PID, while in another embodiment suchdigital certificates may be prepared and signed by the public keyrepository 301, which in this embodiment is essentially acting as acertificate authority. In either case for absolute certainty a recipientof such a digital certificate would need to refer to the public keyrepository 301 to verify either the issuing authorized user's publickey(s) or the public key(s) for the public key repository 301. If, onthe other hand, the key pairs generated by the BCU in a PID do not havea specified expiration data or revocation date at the time they aregenerated (i.e. they can be updated at any time by the issuing BCU),then it is less advantageous for the information files (such as theinformation file 601) corresponding to authorized users on the network300 to be prepared as digital certificates and allowed to circulatethroughout the network 300, the reason being that a recipient of such adigital certificate would not know from the certificate whether it isstill valid and would therefore need to refer to the public keyrepository 301 in any case to verify the latest public key informationfor the corresponding authorized user on the network 300.

In addition, information files may be maintained in the public keyrepository 301 for other devices (i.e. devices other than BCU's orPID's) on the network 300 that generate and use cryptographic key pairs,such as the device 102 described in the embodiment of FIG. 4. Thecorresponding information file for each of such other devices willobviously not include personal information, but will include identifyinginformation for the device, current and historical public key valuescorresponding to the device, along with corresponding active time windowinformation for each public key value.

FIG. 7, which is based on the preferred embodiment of FIG. 5, is aschematic illustration of the processes involved in authorized user 101obtaining public key values for authorized user 501 in order thatauthorized user 101 can send biometrically tagged information toauthorized user 501, as described in relation to FIG. 5. It is assumedthat authorized user 101 does not initially have public key values forauthorized user 501, in which case authorized user 101 will (by means ofthe BCU 103 in PID 100) search the public key repository 301 to obtainpublic key values for authorized user 501. In one non-limiting examplethis may be done as follows.

-   -   Authorized user 101 sends (via the BCU 103 in PID 100) to the        public key repository 301 a request for public key values for        authorized user 501, identifying authorized user 501 to the        public key repository 301 by providing the unique identification        number and/or personal information for authorized user 501—this        is indicated by arrow “1” in FIG. 7.    -   The public key repository 301 searches its database using        information provided by authorized user 101, finds the        information file for authorized user 501 (see the example        information file 601 for authorized user 101 in FIG. 6), and        securely transfers to BCU 103 personal information and the        current public key values for authorized user 501, along with        timestamp T1—this is indicated by arrow “2” in FIG. 7.    -   Using the public key values for authorized user 501, authorized        user 101 (using BCU 103 in PID 100) then prepares biometrically        tagged information and sends it to authorized user 501 via PID        500, as described in relation to FIG. 5—this is indicated by        arrow “3” in FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of theselection and retrieval by the BCU 503 (in PID 500) of cryptographickeys for use in authenticating and decrypting the information exchangedescribed above and in relation to the preferred embodiment of FIG. 5,in which the PID 500 receives from authorized user 101 (via PID 100)message information D3 ^(E/T1)+D3 ^(E/T1)|^(DS)K12 pv ^(T1) that isbiometrically tagged for both the sender (authorized user 101 of PID100) and the recipient (authorized user 501 of PID 500) using key valuesthat were active at time T1 (as described above and in the embodiment ofFIG. 5). As discussed above, the message information may preferablyincorporate a timestamp T1 and be processed by authorized user 501,using PID 500, at a later time T2. Given that at least some of thecryptographic keys used in the biometric tagging process may havechanged between time T1 and time T2, to process the message informationthe BCU 503 in PID 500 will need to retrieve and use cryptographic keysthat were valid at time T1.

FIG. 8( a) is a schematic illustration of the retrieval from the publickey repository 301 of public keys corresponding to authorized user 101at time T1. FIG. 8( a) illustrates the public key repository 301, whichretains an information file for each authorized user and eachcryptographically-enabled device on the network 300. Information file801 corresponds to authorized user 101 of BCU 103 (in PID 100). Toretrieve the public keys for user 101 corresponding to time T1, PID 500accesses the public key repository 301 and looks up information file 801(for authorized user 101), retrieving the public key values 802 thatwere valid at time T1. In the illustrative example of FIG. 8, time T1 is1:17 pm on Mar. 23, 2009, while the retrieved public key values 802 werevalid from 5:28 pm on Mar. 21, 2009 to 11:12 am on Mar. 29, 2009. Thepublic key values 802 are then used by BCU 503 in PID 500 to process thebiometrically tagged message information transferred from authorizeduser 101 to authorized user 501 (as described above and in relation tothe embodiment of FIG. 5).

FIG. 8( b) is a schematic illustration of the retrieval by BCU 503 inPID 500 of its internal private keys corresponding to authorized user501 that were active at time T1. It should be noted that these privatekeys, and any other private keys corresponding to authorized user 501,are enabled for use by the BCU 503 for a specific cryptographicoperation only if authorized user 501 provides biometric authorizationfor such use (which requires authorized user 501 to be positivelybiometrically identified by BCU 503, as described above in relation toBCU 103). BCU 503 looks up information for authorized user 501,retrieving the key pairs 803 that were valid at time T1. In theillustrative example of FIG. 8, time T1 is 1:17 pm on Mar. 23, 2009,while the key pairs 803 were valid from 4:16 pm on Mar. 18, 2009 to 2:36pm on Apr. 2, 2009. The required private keys corresponding to key pairs803 are retrieved and used (assuming biometric authorization is providedby authorized user 501) to process the biometrically tagged informationtransferred from authorized user 101 to authorized user 501 (asdescribed above and in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 5).

A Simplified System without Key Updating

In some situations key updating may be regarded as unnecessary, in whichcase a system such as is described herein may be implemented without it.Furthermore, a network 300 may include a mix of PIDs with key updatingand PIDs without key updating.

An advantage of not implementing key updating is that key management issimpler, while a disadvantage is somewhat lower security due to the factthat the keys are in use for longer and therefore there is more time forsomeone to try to “crack” them.

A system that does not implement key updating can be a simple variationon the embodiments described herein.

A first preferred embodiment of a PID (and BCU) that does not implementkey updating is now described. The above section entitled “Enrollment ofa BCU/PID and Authorized User” describes a preferred embodiment in whichthe PID 100 (incorporating BCU 103) is provided in an initial stateprior to enrollment of an authorized user. In its initial state the BCU103 within the PID 100 retains a pair of “set-up” cryptographic keysKpb^(setup)/Kpv^(setup), these being keys that are generated within theBCU 103 but that do not correspond to a particular user at the time theyare generated. These keys will preferably be unique. Hence after theenrollment of authorized user 101 these set-up keys,Kpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup), may be biometrically associated with theauthorized user 101 and used thereafter as described herein. If morethan one pair of keys is needed for authorized user 101 then the BCU 103may be prepared in its initial state with the required number of keypairs. For example, if two pairs of keys are required, the BCU 103within the PID 100 may in its initial state retain two pairs of “set-up”cryptographic keys K1 pv ^(setup)/K1 pb ^(setup) and K2 pv ^(setup)/K2pb ^(setup), these being keys that are generated within the BCU 103 andthat after the enrollment process may be biometrically associated withauthorized user 101 (as described herein). The set-up keysKpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup), after being biometrically associated withauthorized user 101 in the BCU 103, are in this embodiment usedthereafter for biometric identification of authorized user 101 asdescribed herein, without further key updating.

A second preferred embodiment of a PID that does not implement keyupdating is now described. In this preferred embodiment the set-up keys,Kpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup), are updated once during the enrollment processbut no further updating is done beyond this. In other words, duringenrollment one or more initial key pairs, are generated by thecryptographic processing functions 107 in BCU 103 and associated withauthorized user 101, as described herein, but after this no further keyupdating is carried out. The advantages of carrying out one key updatingoperation at the time of enrollment are (i) it provides thecorresponding authorized user with new keys that at the time ofenrollment are certain not to have been cracked, and (ii) it allows therequired number of key pairs to be generated for the authorized user atthe time of enrollment, even though there may have been only a singlepair of set-up keys, Kpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup), generated initially in theBCU 103—for example, authorized user 101 may require three pairs of keysto operate with, while the BCU 103 may have been prepared in its initialstate with only one pair of set-up keys. The above section entitled“Enrollment of a BCU/PID and Authorized User” describes an embodiment inwhich the PID 100 is provided in an initial state prior to enrollment ofan authorized user. In its initial state the BCU 103 within PID 100retains a pair of “set-up” cryptographic keys Kpv^(setup)/Kpb^(setup),these being keys that are generated within the BCU 103 but that do notcorrespond to a particular user at the time they are generated. Asdescribed above, after enrollment the setup keys,Kpb^(setup)/Kpv^(setup), may be replaced by one or more initial keypairs Kpv^(initial)/Kpb^(initial) corresponding to the authorized user101, the initial key pairs Kpv^(initial)/Kpb^(initial) being generatedwithin the BCU 103. The BCU 103 associates the initial key pairs,Kpb^(initial)/Kpv^(initial), with biometric identification of authorizeduser 101, as described herein. The PID 100 securely transmits theinitial public key values, Kpb^(initial), to the network enrollmentdevice 302 (see FIG. 3( a)), from which they are securely transmitted,along with the unique ID number and personal information for authorizeduser 101—for example the user's name, date of birth, gender, photograph,etc.—to the public key repository 301. The initial key pairs,Kpv^(initial)/Kpb^(initial), are associated in the BCU 103 withbiometric identification authorized user 101 and are used thereafter asdescribed herein, without further key updating.

One-Time Cryptographic Keys

The use of one-time cryptographic keys in the context of the presentinvention will now be described. A one-time key is, as the namesuggests, a key that is used only once. The use of one-time keysprovides enhanced security, since it limits the exposure of each key tothe single instance in which the key is used and therefore limitsopportunities for someone to “crack” the key.

The embodiments of the invention described herein include the use ofasymmetric key pairs, Kpv/Kpb. Each key pair, Kpv/Kpb, that isbiometrically associated with an authorized user of a BCU is generatedby said BCU. A one-time key pair, Kpv/Kpb, generated by a BCU is a keypair in which the private key, Kpv, is used only once and then retired,after which said one-time key pair may be replaced (updated) by anotherone-time key pair generated by said BCU.

An embodiment of the present invention that uses one-time key pairs issimilar in principle to the embodiments described above. However, inpractice there are differences that must be taken into account. Anembodiment that uses one-time key pairs is described below.

Following is a description of a situation, similar to that described inrelation to FIG. 5( a), in which an authorized user 101 of PID 100 needsto send data—in this case data D4—to a specific authorized user 501 ofPID 500. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 5( a). As in theembodiment of FIG. 5, for the transfer of data D4 it is assumed thatcryptographic key pairs are generated and used as follows.

PID 100:

-   -   Key pair K11 pv/K11 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K11 pv—private decryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K11 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.    -   Key pair K12 pv/K12 pb generated within the BCU 103 and        corresponding to the authorized user 101;        -   K12 pv—private encryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 103;        -   K12 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.

PID 500:

-   -   Key pair K51 pv/K51 pb generated within the BCU 503 and        corresponding to the authorized user 501;        -   K51 pv—private decryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 503;        -   K51 pb—public encryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.    -   Key pair K52 pv/K52 pb generated within the BCU 503 and        corresponding to the authorized user 501;        -   K52 pv—private encryption key retained secretly within the            BCU 503;        -   K52 pb—public decryption key—released publicly, available            via key source 301.

Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 5, in the present embodiment anybiometrically associated key pair—i.e. any cryptographic key pair,Kpv/Kpb, that is associated with biometric identification of anauthorized user of a BCU—is a one-time key pair.

In a manner similar to the embodiment of FIG. 5, an objective of thepresent embodiment is to ensure that data D4 transferred from authorizeduser 101 using PID 100 to authorized user 501 using PID 500 is secure,and that completion of the information transfer requires that both (i)authorized user 101 is positively biometrically identified by the BCU103 in PID 100 and (ii) authorized user 501 is positively biometricallyidentified by the BCU 503 in PID 500. This requires that both (i) a(secret) private key K12 pv generated within the BCU 103 andcorresponding to the authorized user 101, and (ii) a (secret) privatekey K51 pv generated within the BCU 503 and corresponding to theauthorized user 501 are used in the information transfer, therebysecurely and positively biometrically identifying both the authorizeduser 101 and the authorized user 501. A difference between the presentembodiment and the embodiment of FIG. 5 is that in the presentembodiment each biometrically associated private key will be used onlyonce.

A preferred method for transferring the information D4 from theauthorized user 101 of PID 100 to the authorized user 501 of PID 500 isnow described. The processes involved in the information transfer areillustrated schematically in FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b). It should be notedthat only the important aspects of the biometrically associatedinformation exchanges relating to the information transfer are describedbelow and illustrated schematically in FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b), and thatnot all of the information exchanges or information processing functionsare necessarily described or illustrated—for example, additionalsecurity functions (which may involve cryptographic techniques) andadministrative overhead may be associated with the informationexchanges.

It should be appreciated that the preferred method described below inrelation to FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b) is a non-limiting example—other methodsmay be used instead, based on the principles described herein.

Before describing the processes associated with the transfer ofinformation D4 an important aspect of the uploading of biometricallyassociated information to the public key repository 301 will now bediscussed.

In the embodiment described below and illustrated in FIGS. 9( a) and9(b) there is a need for the BCU 103 and the BCU 503 to undertakebiometrically authorized information uploads to the public keyrepository 301—specifically, to upload biometrically authenticatedinformation such as public key values to the public key repository 301.A situation in which authorized user 101 using BCU 103 needs to uploadbiometrically authenticated information to the public key repository 301is now discussed, but it should be appreciated that the sameconsiderations apply to any authorized user of a BCU-uploadingbiometrically authenticated information to the public key repository301. For authorized user 101 of BCU 103 to reliably and securely uploadbiometrically associated information (such as a new public key) to thepublic key repository 301, the public key repository 301 must be able tobiometrically authenticate said information—i.e. confirm that saidupload was biometrically authorized by authorized user 101 and thereforethat the uploaded information did actually come from authorized user 101using BCU 103. In the present embodiment an additional condition is thatall biometrically associated key pairs must be one-time key pairs. Theserequirements can be met as follows.

Suppose the biometrically associated information to be uploaded to thepublic key repository 301 is I^(UPLOAD). I^(UPLOAD) may, for example, bea new public key corresponding to authorized user 101. A one-time keypair, Kpv/Kpb^(UPLOAD), generated by BCU 103 and corresponding toauthorized user 101, will be used to upload the information I^(UPLOAD).The BCU 103 will generate internally a sequence of one-time key pairs,Kpv/Kpb^(UPLOAD(M)) (where M=1, 2, 3, . . . ), dedicated to uploadinginformation corresponding to, or in some way related to, authorized user101 from BCU 103 to the public key repository 301, with the one-time keypair Kpv/Kpb^(UPLOAD(M)) corresponding to the M^(th) uploading event. Atthe time of the (N−1)^(th), uploading event, the BCU 103 generates aone-time key pair, Kpv/Kpb^(UPLOAD(N)) to be used for the N^(th)uploading, where Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) is a private encryption key andKpb^(UPLOAD(N)) is the corresponding public decryption key. The BCU 103includes the public decryption key Kpb^(UPLOAD(N)) as part of theinformation, I^(UPLOAD(N−1)) uploaded to the public key repository 301during the (N−1)^(th) uploading. The private encryption keyKpv^(UPLOAD(N)) is retained secretly in the BCU 103 for use during the(N)th upload operation. The (N)th upload operation is then undertaken asfollows.

-   -   1. The new information, I^(NEW(N)), to be uploaded to the public        key repository 301 during the N^(th) uploading operation is        prepared in the BCU 103—in some instances it may be (or may        include) a new public key, Kpb, generated by the BCU 103 and        corresponding to authorized user 101.    -   2. The BCU 103 generates the (N+1)^(th) one-time upload key        pair, Kpv/Kpb^(UPLOAD(N+1)), and adds the public decryption key        Kpb^(UPLOAD(N+1)) to I^(NEW(N)) along with instructions to        retire Kpb^(UPLOAD(N)) after the current use and replace it with        Kpb^(UPLOAD(N+1))—thereby generating the N^(th) upload        information I^(UPLOAD(N)).    -   3. Authorized user 101 provides biometric authorization for the        specific cryptographic operation of generating a digital        signature using the key Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)), after which        cryptographic operation said key Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) is retired and        not used again (since it is a one-time key). Biometric        authorization by authorized user 101 requires authorized user        101 to be positively biometrically identified by the BCU 103.    -   4. The BCU 103 digitally signs the N^(th) upload I^(UPLOAD(N)),        information, I^(UPLOAD(N)), using the private key        Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) to generate the digital signature        I^(UPLOAD(N))|^(DS)Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)), and uploads both        I^(UPLOAD(N)) and the digital signature        I^(UPLOAD(N))|^(DS)Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) to the public key repository        301. The private key Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) has now been used once and        is retired—the next upload operation will use private key        Kpv^(UPLOAD(N+1)).    -   5. The public key repository 301 uses the public key        Kpb^(UPLOAD(N)), which was uploaded during the (N−1)^(th) upload        operation (see above), to authenticate the digital signature        I^(UPLOAD(N))|^(DS)Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)), thereby authenticating        that (i) the N^(th) upload was carried out by the same person        (authorized user 101) as carried out the (N−1)^(th) upload        (since the private key Kpv^(UPLOAD(N)) used to sign the N^(th)        upload corresponds to the public key Kpb^(UPLOAD(N)) that was        part of the (N−1)^(th) upload), and (ii) the N^(th) upload        information I^(UPLOAD(N)) has not been modified in transmission        from the BCU 103 to the public key repository 301. Hence the        public key repository 301 is able to securely establish        continuity of identity of authorized user 101 from the        (N−1)^(th) upload to the N^(th) upload—and similarly for any        authorized user of any BCU on the network 300. Since the first        upload public key, Kpb^(UPLOAD(1)), for authorized user 101 of        BCU 103 was provided to the public key repository at the time of        enrollment of authorized user 101, it follows that the        abovedescribed process enables the public key repository 301 to        biometrically authenticate that all subsequent uploads are also        from authorized user 101. In some preferred embodiments the        uploaded information may also be encrypted using a public        encryption key corresponding to the public key repository 301,        to be decrypted by the public key repository 301 using the        corresponding private decryption key that is held secretly by        the public key repository 301.

In the description below the term “biometrically secure upload” will beused as shorthand for the above process, when used by the authorizeduser 101 of BCU 103 or authorized user 501 of BCU 503. FIG. 9( a)illustrates schematically the biometrically secure uploading processdescribed above.

The following describes steps in the transfer of information D4 fromauthorized user 101 of PID 100 to authorized user 501 of PID 500, whichtransfer meets the following requirements:

-   -   i. the information transfer is biometrically tagged for both        authorized user 101 (sender) and authorized user 501        (recipient);    -   ii. the information D4 is encrypted in transit;    -   iii. all biometrically associated key pairs are one-time key        pairs.

The process described below is illustrated schematically in FIG. 9( b).

-   -   1. Preparation of one-time public encryption keys and        prepositioning of said keys in public key repository 301:        -   a. The BCU 503 generates one or more one-time key pairs, K51            pv/K51 pb, and uploads to the public key repository 301 the            one-time public encryption keys, K51 pb, via a biometrically            secure uploading process.        -   b. The one-time public encryption keys, K51 pb, are stored            in the public key repository 301, in the record file for            authorized user 501, in preparation for one-time downloading            to other authorized users on the network 300.    -   2. Preparation of data D4 by authorized user 101 and        transmission to authorized user 501:        -   a. Authorized user 101 uses PID 100 to generate data D4 that            is to be sent to authorized user 501 using PID 500.        -   b. Authorized user 101 connects to the public key repository            301 and requests a one-time public encryption key for            authorized user 501. The public key repository 301 selects            an unused public encryption key, K51 pb, and downloads it to            the BCU 103 of authorized user 101. This public encryption            key, K51 pb, will be used as a unique identifier throughout            the remainder of the process below. The public key            repository 301 marks the downloaded key, K51 pb, as used and            associates with its used status the identity of authorized            user 101 to whom the key K51 pb was downloaded.        -   c. The BCU 103 in PID 100 requests biometric authorization            from authorized user 101 for the specific cryptographic            operation of using the private encryption key, K12 pv, to            generate a digital signature, following which said key K12            pv will be retired and not used again (as it is a one-time            key). Biometric authorization by authorized user 101            requires positive biometric identification of authorized            user 101 by BCU 103. BCU 103 gathers biometric information            105 from the user 101 of PID 100 and, based on said            biometric information 105, determines whether the user 101            is authorized user 101 of the BCU 103. If the user 101 is            determined to be authorized user 101 of the BCU 103 then the            steps set out below are undertaken. If the BCU 103 is unable            to determine that the user 101 is authorized user 101 of the            BCU 103, then the BCU 103 takes no further action and the            process is stopped.        -   d. If the user 101 is determined to be authorized user 101            of the BCU 103, then the BCU 103 enables an unused            internally generated one-time key pair K12 pv/K12 pb,            corresponding to authorized user 101 of PID 100, for the            specific cryptographic operation of using the private            encryption key, K12 pv, to generate a digital signature in            preparing the data D4 for transfer to authorized user 501,            following which said key K12 pv will be retired and not used            again (as it is a one-time key).        -   e. The data D4 is encrypted with the key K51 pb(ver), which            has been obtained from the public key repository 301 as            described above, generating encrypted data [D4]K51 pb(ver).            The public encryption key K51 pb(ver) is combined with the            encrypted data [D4]K51 pb(ver). Together this information            makes up the message, M4, that is to be transmitted to PID            500—i.e. M4=[D4]K51 pb(ver)+K51 pb(ver).        -   f. The BCU 103 uses the one-time private encryption key K12            pv to generate a digital signature, M4|^(DS)K12 pv,            corresponding to the message M4. (Generation of a digital            signature DS is a well known process that will not be            described in detail here.) The message data M4 and digital            signature M4|^(DS)K12 pv are then transmitted to the PID            500.        -   g. The public encryption key K51 pb(ver), along with the            associated one-time public decryption key, K12 pb, are            uploaded—via a biometrically secure uploading process—to            authorized user 101's record file in the public key            repository 301, where the two keys are shown as being            associated (with each other).        -   h. The private key K12 pv is marked as used by the BCU 103            and is retired—i.e. not used again.    -   3. Receipt and processing of the message M4 by authorized user        501:        -   a. The message M4 and digital signature M4|^(DS)K12 pv are            received by the PID 500 at some later time.        -   b. The BCU 503 connects to the public key repository 301 and            uses the public encryption key, K51 pb(ver), incorporated            into the message M4 to identify and obtain the associated            one-time public decryption key, K12 pb(ver), from authorized            user 101's record file in the public key repository 301.        -   c. Using the verified public key, K12 pb(ver), the BCU 503            authenticates the digital signature M4|^(DS)K12 pv            corresponding to the message M4. Authentication of the            digital signature M4|^(DS)K12 pv confirms that the digital            signature was generated by BCU 103 using private key K12 pv,            and therefore amounts to positively biometrically            identifying authorized user 101 of BCU 103 as the sender of            the message M4. Authentication of the digital signature            M4|^(DS)K12 pv also verifies that the message M4 has not            been modified since it was generated by the BCU 103.        -   d. By extracting K51 pb(ver) from the message M4, the BCU            503 is also able to identify the corresponding one-time            private key K51 pv, that is secretly stored in the BCU 503            and that is required to decrypt the encrypted data [D4]K51            pb(ver) that forms part of the message M4. While connected            to the public key repository 301, the BCU 503 may also look            up the record file of user 501 and confirm that the public            encryption key K51 pb was in fact downloaded to authorized            user 101 for one-time use.        -   e. The BCU 503 in PID 500 requests biometric authorization            from authorized user 501 for the specific cryptographic            operation of using the private decryption key, K51 pv, to            decrypt the encrypted data [D4]K51 pb(ver), following which            said key K51 pv will be retired and not used again (as it is            a one-time key). Biometric authorization by authorized user            501 requires positive biometric identification of authorized            user 501 by BCU 503. BCU 503 gathers biometric information            from the user 501 of PID 500 and, based on said biometric            information, determines whether the user 501 is authorized            user 501 of the BCU 503. If the user 501 is determined to be            authorized user 501 of the BCU 503 then the steps set out            below are undertaken. If the BCU 503 is unable to determine            that the user 501 is authorized user 501 of the BCU 503,            then the BCU 503 takes no further action and the process is            stopped.        -   f. If the user 501 is determined to be authorized user 501            of the BCU 503, then the BCU 503 enables the private key K51            pv, corresponding to authorized user 501 of BCU 503, for the            specific cryptographic operation of decrypting the encrypted            data [D4]K51 pb(ver), following which said private key K51            pv will be retired and not used again (as it is a one-time            key).        -   g. The encrypted data [D4]K51 pb(ver) is then extracted from            the message M4 and decrypted by the BCU 503 using the            private decryption key K51 pv, thereby retrieving the data            D4. As described above, use of the private decryption key            K51 pv requires positive biometric identification of            authorized user 501 of BCU 503. The private key K51 pv is            marked as used by the BCU 503 and is retired—i.e. not used            again.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9( b) a (secret) private cryptographic key,K12 pv, corresponding to authorized user 101 of BCU 103 is required tocomplete the information transfer, thereby requiring positive biometricidentification by the BCU 103 of authorized user 101. Similarly, a(secret) private cryptographic key, K51 pv, corresponding to authorizeduser 501 of BCU 503 is required to complete the information transfer,thereby requiring positive biometric identification by the BCU 503 ofauthorized user 501. Also, the data D4 is encrypted while in transitfrom the PID 100 to the PID 500, thereby ensuring that the data D4 isconfidential while in transit—i.e. it cannot be interpreted ifintercepted by a third party, and can only be read by authorized user501 of BCU 503. Furthermore, all biometrically associated privatekeys—in this case K12 pv and K51 pv—are used only once and then retired.Additionally, no biometric information is ever released from either BCU103 or BCU 503.

It should be appreciated that the information transfer method describedabove in relation to FIG. 9( b) is a preferred embodiment only, and thatother methods may be used instead. For example, while the method of FIG.9( b) can be regarded as an “encrypt then sign” method, it should beappreciated that an equivalent “sign then encrypt” method could be usedand that the “sign then encrypt” method would be equally effective inrequiring secure biometric identification by the BCU 103 of authorizeduser 101 and by the BCU 503 of authorized user 501 in order to completethe transfer of the data D4.

It should also be noted that, in contrast to the embodiments describedin relation to FIGS. 7 and 8, in the abovedescribed embodiment (relatingto FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b)) there is no need for the use of a timestamp T1in the preparation of biometrically tagged data, or for the BCU 503 tofind and use keys corresponding to the time T1 at which the publicencryption key K51 pb(ver) was obtained. The reason for the differenceis that in the abovedescribed embodiment of FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b), inwhich one-time biometrically associated key pairs are used, eachtransaction is uniquely identified and this unique identification isused at each step throughout a transaction to maintain continuity andintegrity of the entire transaction. For example, in the embodiment ofFIG. 9( b) the transaction is uniquely identified by the publicencryption key K51 pb, which is incorporated or used at each step of thetransaction to link the steps together and ensure the integrity andcontinuity of the overall transaction (this being the transfer of dataD4 from authorized user 101 to authorized user 501).

Use of a Data Storage Medium to Transfer Biometrically AuthenticatedInformation

In the abovedescribed embodiments biometrically authenticatedinformation is transferred from a PID 100 to another device 102 or toanother PID 500 by means of a communications network 300, and publickeys are accessed via the public key repository 301 on the network 300.It should be appreciated that transfer of said biometricallyauthenticated information may be by means other than transmission overthe network 300. For example, said biometrically authenticatedinformation may be transferred from PID 100 to either the device 102 orPID 500 (whichever is appropriate) by means of the physicaltransportation of a memory storage device in (or on) which saidbiometrically authenticated information is stored. All other aspects ofthe system operation, such as use of a public key repository 301 andaccess to public keys on the public key repository 301 via the network300, would still be as described herein—the only difference is that thebiometrically authenticated information in such an embodiment would betransferred by a means other than transmission over the network 300. Ina specific embodiment the biometrically authenticated information may betransferred from the BCU 103 in PID 100 to a USB memory stick which isthen physically transported from PID 100 to either device 102 or PID 500(as appropriate), with all other aspects of the system operation beingas described herein.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The arrangements and methods presently disclosed are applicable to thedata communication industry and particularly for secure communicationsbetween persons and organizations including, but not limited to, email,electronic banking and e-POS transactions, Internet access, to name buta few.

1. A biometric and cryptographic processing unit (BCU) including: abiometric receiver to at least receive biometric information of a userof said BCU; a biometric unit comprising a store of biometricinformation of at least one authorized user of said BCU and at least oneprocessing function to compare received biometric information from saidbiometric receiver with said stored biometric information to determineif the user is an authorized user of said BCU; a cryptographic unit forgenerating and storing at least one asymmetric cryptographicpublic/private key pair associated with each authorized user of the BCU,said private keys being retained within the cryptographic unit anddisabled in a default state, and said public keys being communicablefrom the BCU for public use in communicating with the BCU; and at leastone input/output port by which the encrypted or unencrypted data isinput to said BCU and from which the unencrypted or encrypted data(respectively) is output from the BCU; the cryptographic unit beingoperative in response to a specific authorized user giving permission toundertake a specific cryptographic operation on data input to the BCUonly upon the specific authorized user being determined as an authorizeduser of the BCU by the biometric unit whereby a specific private keycorresponding to the specific authorized user is enabled for use in saidspecific cryptographic operation after which, and other than which, saidspecific private key is disabled.
 2. A biometric and cryptographicsystem comprising: a BCU according to claim 1; and a personalinformation device (PID) to which the BCU is operatively coupled, saidPID including: information processing and information storage meansincluding at least an input device and a display; a port via whichencrypted or unencrypted data is communicated with said BCU; and acommunications unit via which encrypted or unencrypted data iscommunicated between the BCU and an external device, said input devicebeing operative by the authorized user to give the permission to encryptthe data.
 3. Apparatus to enable biometric identification over a networkwithout any biometric information being released to said network,comprising: a biometric/cryptographic processing means (BCPM) including:means to read or receive biometric information from a user of said BCPM;means to determine whether said biometric information derived from theuser corresponds to an authorized user of said BCPM and therebydetermine whether the user is an authorized user of said BCPM; means toundertake cryptographic information processing, including a means toencrypt and decrypt information according to one or more of a number ofspecified cryptographic protocols; means to generate and store uniqueasymmetric private/public cryptographic key pairs corresponding to eachauthorized user of said BCPM, such that each said key pair is unique anddedicated to, or associated with, a specific authorized user, with saidprivate keys being retained secretly in said BCPM and said public keysbeing released publicly, said means to generate and store uniqueasymmetric private/public cryptographic key pairs operating independentof any biometric information or biometric identification methods, saidprivate cryptographic keys being disabled from use in a default state; ameans to enable use by said BCPM of one or more of said privatecryptographic keys corresponding to an authorized user in a specificcryptographic operation if and only if the authorized user has providedbiometric authorization for said specific cryptographic operation, whereproviding biometric authorization involves the authorized user beingpositively biometrically identified by said BCPM in combination with theauthorized user giving explicit permission for said specificcryptographic operation to be undertaken by said BCPM using private keyscorresponding to the authorized user, with said private keyscorresponding to the authorized user otherwise remaining in a disabledstate; said BCPM thereby being configured such that use of one or moreof said private cryptographic keys corresponding to a specificauthorized user is possible only if the authorized user has beenpositively biometrically identified by said BCPM in the correspondingbiometric authorization process, and thereby being configured such thata determination by an external person or device that said BCPM is usingany of said private cryptographic keys corresponding to a specificauthorized user in a cryptographic operation is equivalent to adetermination that the authorized user has been biometrically identifiedas the originator of said cryptographic operation.
 4. Apparatusaccording to claim 3 wherein: said BCPM is associated with a means toprocess and store information; said BCPM is associated with a means todisplay information stored in or generated by said means to process andstore information; said BCPM is associated with a means for a user toinput information by which at least the explicit permission can begiven; said BCPM is associated with a communications means; said meansto process and store information and said BCPM being connected such thatinformation can be transferred between them; said BCPM and saidcommunications means being connected such that information can betransferred between them; said communications means providing a means totransmit information to external devices and a means to receiveinformation from external devices; said BCPM being configured to acceptinformation from either of said means to process and store informationand said communications means, and further being configured to be ableto process said information in a specific cryptographic operation usingprivate cryptographic keys corresponding to a specific authorized userof said BCPM only if the authorized user has provided said biometricauthorization for said specific cryptographic operation, which biometricauthorization involves positive biometric identification of saidspecific authorized user, and to output said cryptographically processedinformation to either of said means to process and store information andsaid communications means; said BCPM, said means to process and storeinformation, and said communications means together constituting apersonal information device; said personal information device therebybeing configured such that a first authorized user of a first personalinformation device incorporating a first BCPM can use said firstpersonal information device to generate and transmit first messageinformation that is intended for a second authorized user of a secondpersonal information device incorporating a second BCPM, such that saidfirst message information is prepared in said first BCPM using a privatekey stored in said first BCPM and corresponding to the first authorizeduser and thereby requiring positive biometric identification of thefirst authorized user by said first BCPM and/or using a public key of apublic/private key pair generated by said second BCPM and correspondingto the second authorized user; said personal information device furtherbeing configured such that said second BCPM in said second personalinformation device is able to accept said first message information,process said first message information using a public key correspondingto said first authorized user to determine that said first messageinformation was prepared using a private key corresponding to the firstauthorized user thereby requiring positive biometric identification ofthe first authorized user by said first BCPM, and/or process said firstmessage information using a private key corresponding to the secondauthorized user thereby requiring positive biometric identification ofthe second authorized user by said second BCPM; said personalinformation device thereby being configured such that a first authorizeduser of a first personal information device can use said first personalinformation device to generate and transmit second message informationthat is intended for a second cryptographically enabled device, suchthat said second message information is prepared in said first BCPMusing a private key corresponding to the first authorized user therebyrequiring positive biometric identification of said first authorizeduser by said first BCPM and/or using a public key corresponding to saidsecond cryptographically enabled device; said second cryptographicallyenabled device further being configured such that it is able to acceptsaid second message information, process said second message informationusing a public key corresponding to the first authorized user todetermine that said second message information was prepared using aprivate key corresponding to the first authorized user thereby requiringpositive biometric identification of the first authorized user by saidfirst BCPM, and/or process said second message information using aprivate key corresponding to said second cryptographically enableddevice; said personal information device thereby being configured suchthat a first cryptographically enabled device can generate and transmitthird message information that is intended for a second authorized userof a second personal information device, such that said third messageinformation is prepared in said first cryptographically enabled deviceusing a private key corresponding to said first cryptographicallyenabled device and/or using a public key generated by said second BCPMand corresponding to the second authorized user; said personalinformation device further being configured such that said secondpersonal information device is able to accept said third messageinformation, process said third message information using a public keycorresponding to said first cryptographically enabled device and/orprocess said third message information using a private key generated bysaid second BCPM and corresponding to the second authorized user therebyrequiring positive biometric identification of the second authorizeduser by said second BCPM.
 5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein saidBCPM incorporates into said first and second message information one ormore timestamps indicative of the time or times at which specific stepswere undertaken in the cryptographic processing of said first or secondmessage information (respectively).
 6. Apparatus according to claim 3wherein said means to read or receive biometric information comprises atleast one biometric sensor selected from the group including one or moreof a fingerprint reading device, an iris scanning device, a retinalscanning device, a facial recognition device, a voice recognitiondevice, a handprint scanning device, a blood circulation recognitiondevice, a heartbeat monitor, DNA reading apparatus, and a sensor havinglife-signs detection capabilities to determine whether said sensor isderiving biometric information from a living body.
 7. Apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein said means to determine whether saidbiometric information corresponds to an authorized user of said BCPMcomprises a biometric template information stored in said BCPM, saidbiometric template information being compared in a specified manner withsaid biometric information.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 7 whereinsaid means to determine whether said biometric information correspondsto an authorized user of said BCPM is operative without releasing anybiometric information from said BCPM.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 3wherein said BCPM is configured to update said internally generatedprivate/public key pairs corresponding to an authorized user byreplacing them with new internally generated private/public key pairs,with the new internally generated private keys being retained secretlywithin said BCPM and the corresponding new public keys being releasedpublicly.
 10. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said BCPMincorporates tamper detection technology to prevent said BCPM beingsuccessfully tampered with or interrogated.
 11. Apparatus according toclaim 3 wherein said BCPM is formed as a single application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC).
 12. Apparatus according to claim 3 whereinsaid BCPM is implemented in at least one of software and firmware. 13.An information network comprising: a number of said BCPM or personalinformation devices according to claim 4 able to exchange informationwith each other and with other devices by means of a communicationsystem; a public key distribution means to make available to any deviceon said network verified public key values for said BCPM and saidpersonal information devices on said network; each biometricallyassociated public key that is generated by a BCPM corresponding to aspecific authorized user of said BCPM and having associated with itidentifying information pertaining to the said corresponding specificauthorized user; each public key that is generated by a BCPM having apublic key history of past retired and future replacement public keys,and corresponding active time windows, beginning with the first publickey for the specific authorized user corresponding to said public keyand ending with the last or currently-active public key for the specificauthorized user corresponding to said public key; each public key thatis generated by a cryptographically enabled device that is not apersonal information device having a public key history of past retiredand future replacement public keys, and corresponding active timewindows, beginning with the first public key for said cryptographicallyenabled device and ending with the last or currently-active public keyfor said cryptographically enabled device; said public key distributionmeans retaining a public key history, including corresponding activetime windows, for each public key used on said information network; eachsaid BCPM on said information network being configured such that foreach authorized user of said BCPM, said BCPM retains an authorizeduser's key pair history being a history of private/public key pairs thatsaid BCPM generates, along with the active time window for each said keypair; each said cryptographically enabled device on said informationnetwork that is not a personal information device being configured toretain a history of private/public key pairs that it generates, alongwith the active time window for each said key pair; each said secondBCPM on said information network being configured to authenticate andprocess received first message information with the correctcryptographic keys, after positively biometrically identifying thesecond authorized user, by using said timestamp(s) in said first messageinformation to identify the key pairs corresponding to said timestamp(s)within said second BCPM, and by retrieving from said public keydistribution means the public key(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s)for said first authorized user of said first BCPM from which said firstmessage information originated; each said second cryptographicallyenabled device on said information network being configured toauthenticate and process received second message information with thecorrect cryptographic keys by using said timestamp(s) in said secondmessage information to identify its own key pairs corresponding to saidtimestamp(s) and by retrieving from said public key distribution meansthe public key(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s) for the firstauthorized user of said first BCPM from which said second messageinformation originated; each said second BCPM on said informationnetwork being configured to authenticate and process received thirdmessage information with the correct cryptographic keys, afterpositively biometrically identifying said second authorized user, byusing said timestamp(s) in said third message information to identifythe key pairs corresponding to said timestamp(s) within said second BCPMand by retrieving from said public key distribution means the publickey(s) corresponding to said timestamp(s) for said firstcryptographically enabled device from which said third messageinformation originated.
 14. A network according to claim 13, wherein thebiometrically associated cryptographic key pairs generated by a BCPM areone-time key pairs such that the private key of a said one-time key pairis used only once, after which it is retired, wherein: public keyscorresponding to one-time biometrically associated key pairs generatedby said second BCPM are prepositioned in said public key distributionmeans, and downloaded on a use-once as-needed basis to said first BCPMfor use by said first BCPM in preparing message information; for eachinformation transfer from said first BCPM to said second BCPM, one-timepublic keys associated with said information transfer that are generatedby said first BCPM and said prepositioned one-time public keysassociated with said information transfer that are generated by saidsecond BCPM are associated with each other and made available via saidpublic key distribution means, thereby enabling said second BCPM to usethe correct keys in processing information received by said second BCPMfrom said first BCPM in said information transfer.
 15. A method forenrolling a user for use of a said BCPM such that the user is therebyable to use said information network according to claim 13, said methodcomprising: preparing said BCPM in an initial configuration, whereinsaid BCPM generates and retains a set-up asymmetric cryptographic keypair, comprising a private setup key and corresponding public setup key,said setup keys not corresponding to a particular user, said privatesetup key being retained secretly within said BCPM, and saidcorresponding public setup key being provided securely to a networkenrollment device that is part of said information network; said BCPMand said network enrollment device communicating with the aid of saidsetup key pair in order that said network enrollment device can securelyestablish both the identity and authenticity of said BCPM and theauthenticity of information sent from said BCPM to said networkenrollment device; the user providing identifying information, alongwith required evidence in support of said identifying information (saidevidence preferably being other than or in addition to biometricevidence); said BCPM taking biometric readings from the user andestablishing within said BCPM one or more biometric templates or otherbiometrically based data corresponding to the user so as to enablesubsequent biometric identification of the user by said BCPM; said BCPMnot releasing any of the user's biometric information; said BCPM then,without reference to any of the user's biometric information, generatingone or more initial asymmetric cryptographic key pairs, each saidinitial key pair comprising an initial private key and an initial publickey, said initial key pairs being associated in said BCPM with biometricidentification of the user; said initial private keys being retainedsecretly in said BCPM; said BCPM then securely transmitting, via saidcommunications means, said initial public key values and saididentifying information for the user to said network enrollment device,said transmission being authenticated by means of said private setupkey; said network enrollment device adding a unique identification codefor the user to said initial public key values and said identifyinginformation for the user, and then securely transmitting or makingavailable to said public key distribution means said uniqueidentification code and said initial public key values and saididentifying information; said public key distribution means therebyestablishing a record file for the user, who is at this point anauthorized user, said record file initially including said identifyinginformation for the user, said unique identification code for the userand said initial public key values.
 16. A method according to claim 15wherein said network enrollment device comprises said public keydistribution means.
 17. A network according to claim 13 wherein saidactive time window for a public key and for the correspondingprivate/public key pair is the time period commencing when said publickey is first uploaded to said public key distribution means (the starttime) and ending at the start time for the replacement public key, whichis the time when said replacement public key is first uploaded to saidpublic key distribution means.
 18. A network according to claim 13wherein said active time window for a public key and for thecorresponding private/public key pair is the time period commencing at apredetermined time (the start time) after said public key is firstuploaded to said public key distribution means and ending at the starttime for the replacement public key, which is a predetermined time aftersaid replacement public key is first uploaded to said public keydistribution means.
 19. A method according to claim 15 wherein saididentifying information for an authorized user of a BCPM includespersonal information comprising at least one of name, date of birth, andgender of the authorized user.
 20. A network according to claim 13wherein said public key distribution means uses digital-certificates incombination with one or more certificate authorities on said informationnetwork.
 21. A network according to claim 13 wherein said public keydistribution means comprises one or more public key repositories on saidinformation network: said public key repositories providing a means tostore and make available to a device on said network verified public keyvalues and associated record file information for all BCPM on saidnetwork, and verified public key values for all other cryptographicallyenabled devices on said network, with said public key repositories beingable to exchange information with BCPM and other devices on saidnetwork; said BCPM and other cryptographically enabled devices on saidnetwork being configured to upload new verified public key values tosaid public key repositories in order to retire and replacecorresponding current verified public key values retained in said publickey repositories, with each public key, and corresponding private/publickey pair, having an active time window being the time period between (i)the start time for use of said public key and (ii) the start time foruse of the superseding public key (or, if said public key has not beensuperseded, the present time).
 22. A network according to claim 13wherein said public key distribution means is configured such that auser or device on said information network is able to search said publickey distribution means for a specific authorized user on saidinformation network by using said identifying information and/or saidunique identification code as search parameters, and thereby retrievecurrent or historical public key values corresponding to the specificauthorized user, thereby enabling the preparation and transmission ofbiometrically identified message information, and further enabling theretrieval, authentication, decryption and reading of receivedbiometrically identified message information.